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	<title>Werbung &#8211; Learning psychology</title>
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	<item>
		<title>Überzeugen per Händedruck?</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/06/07/ueberzeugen-per-haendedruck/</link>
					<comments>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/06/07/ueberzeugen-per-haendedruck/#respond</comments>
		
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		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Jun 2016 16:05:34 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Händedruck]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Handschlag]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sozialpsychologie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Werbung]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Lassen wir uns eher zu einer Geldspende hinreißen, wenn wir zuvor die Hand des Fragestellers geschüttelt haben? Keywords: Psychologie - Beeinflussung - Berührung - Sozialpsychologie - Händedruck - Händeschütteln  Besprochene Studien: Guéguen, N. (2013). Handshaking and compliance with a request: A door-to-door setting. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 41(10), 1585-1588.  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-1"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/u153lmW7isc" width="766" height="431" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:766px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-2"><p>Lassen wir uns eher zu einer Geldspende hinreißen, wenn wir zuvor die Hand des Fragestellers geschüttelt haben?</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Psychologie &#8211; Beeinflussung &#8211; Berührung &#8211; Sozialpsychologie &#8211; Händedruck &#8211; Händeschütteln<strong><br />
</strong></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:10px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-3"><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><u><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype;">Besprochene Studien:</span></u></strong></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></p>
<p>Guéguen, N. (2013). Handshaking and compliance with a request: A door-to-door setting. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 41(10), 1585-1588.</p>
<ul>
<li>Versuchspersonen: 37 Anwohner</li>
<li>zwei Studenten (20 Jahre) gingen von Haus zu Haus und baten um Spenden für die &#8220;Hoffnung für Madagaskar &#8211; Association&#8221;:</li>
<li>&#8220;Hallo. Ich bin Freiwilliger Helfer für die &#8220;Hoffnung für Madagaskar &#8211; Association&#8221; und sammle Geld für unsere Organisation um Kindern in Madagaskar zu helfen. Wären Sie bereit einen Euro zu spenden?&#8221;</li>
<li>Eine Hälfte der Probanden wurde mit einem Handschlag begrüßt.</li>
</ul>
<p><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-12473" src="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-300x168.jpg" alt="Handschlag_Spendenbereitschaft" width="770" height="431" srcset="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-120x67.jpg 120w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-200x112.jpg 200w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-300x168.jpg 300w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-400x225.jpg 400w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-500x281.jpg 500w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-600x337.jpg 600w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-768x431.jpg 768w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-800x449.jpg 800w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen.jpg 1076w" sizes="(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px" /></p>
<p>53% vs. 96%</p>
<p>-&gt; Vielleicht wurden die Fragesteller als freundlicher wahrgenommen.<br />
-&gt; Vielleicht wurde aber auch ein (unbewusstes) Verhaltens-Skript aktiviert: Verträge werden per Handschlag besiegelt.</p>
<p>Kritik: Geringe Versuchspersonenzahl!</p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-has-icon fusion-full-width-sep" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:22px;margin-bottom:0px;width:100%;"><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div><span class="icon-wrapper" style="border-color:#3e3e3e;background-color:#dd9933;font-size:14px;width: 1.75em; height: 1.75em;border-width:1px;padding:1px;"><i class=" fa fa-book" style="font-size: inherit;color:#3e3e3e;" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:#dd9933;--awb-border-top:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-4"><p><strong>Literatur</strong></p>
<p>Chaplin, W. F., Phillips, J. B., Brown, J. D., Clanton, N. R., &amp; Stein, J. L. (2000). Handshaking, gender, personality, and first impressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 110-117. http://doi.org/bhrrtt</p>
<p>Crusco, A. H., &amp; Wetzel, C. G. (1984). The Midas touch: The effects of interpersonal touch on restaurant tipping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 512-517. http://doi.org/ cv7zrn</p>
<p>Goldman, M., Pulcher, D., &amp; Mendez, T. (1983). Appeals for help, prosocial behavior, and psychological reactance. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 113, 265-269. http://doi.org/fnc472</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., &amp; Joule, R. V. (2008). L’effet d’influence du toucher sur la soumission à des requêtes: Une méta-analyse [The effect of touch on compliance with a request: A meta-analysis]. Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, 80, 39-58. http://doi.org/c3qqrm</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., Meineri, S., &amp; Charles-Sire, V. (2010). Improving medication adherence by using practitioner nonverbal techniques: A field experiment on the effect of touch. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 466-473. http://doi.org/d9bwmb</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., &amp; Pascual, A. (2003). Status and people tolerance against ill-mannered person: A field study. Journal of Mundane Behavior, 4, 1-8. Hall, E. (1966). The hidden dimension: Man’s use of space in public and private. New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday.</p>
<p>Hornik, J. (1987). The effect of touch and gaze upon compliance and interest of interviewees. The Journal of Social Psychology, 127, 681-683.</p>
<p>Hornik, J. (1992). Tactile stimulation and consumer response. Journal of Consumer Research, 19, 449-458. http://doi.org/c24vng</p>
<p>Juhnke, R., Barmann, B., Vickery, K., Cunningham, M., Hohl, J., Smith, E., &amp; Quinones, J. (1987). Effects of attractiveness and nature of request on helping behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 127, 317-322. http://doi.org/fm7ctf</p>
<p>Kleinke, C. L. (1977). Compliance to requests made by gazing and touching experimenters in field settings. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 218-223. http://doi.org/fwc5ft</p>
<p>Lynn, M., Le, J.-M., &amp; Sherwyn, D. (1998). Reach out and touch your customers. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 39, 60-65. http://doi.org/bf53pq</p>
<p>Ohbuchi, K., Chiba, S., &amp; Fukushima, O. (1996). Mitigation of interpersonal conflicts: Politeness and time pressure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1035-1042. http://doi.org/d59pgx</p>
<p>Paulsell, S., &amp; Goldman, M. (1984). The effect of touching different body areas on prosocial behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 122, 269-273. http://doi.org/ckvv6g</p>
<p>Segrin, C. (1993). The effects of nonverbal behavior on outcomes of compliance gaining attempts. Communication Studies, 44, 169-187. http://doi.org/ffvjvd</p>
<p>Shipps, E. M., &amp; Freeman, H. R. (2003). Handshake: Its relation to first impressions and measured personality traits. Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research, 8, 144-148.</p>
<p>Smith, D. E., Gier, J. A., &amp; Willis, F. N. (1982). Interpersonal touch and compliance with a marketing request. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 3, 35-38. http://doi.org/fdhttw</p>
<p>Stephen, R., &amp; Zweigenhaft, R. L. (1986). The effect on tipping of a waitress touching male and female customers. The Journal of Social Psychology, 126, 141-142. http://doi.org/ffzsv8</p>
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		<title>&#8220;Nur noch wenige Exemplare verfügbar!&#8221; &#8211; Die Reaktanztheorie in der Konsumentenpsychologie</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/05/03/nur-noch-wenige-exemplare-verfuegbar-die-reaktanztheorie-in-der-konsumentenpsychologie/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 May 2016 14:56:49 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Marketing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Reaktanz]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Werbepsychologie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Werbung]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.learningpsychology.net/?p=12397</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Eigentlich schützt uns Reaktanz (Widerspenstigkeit) wie ein Schutzschild gegen Beeinflussungsversuche. Denn wann immer uns jemand etwas aufschwatzen möchte, reagieren wir in der Regel mit Abwehr. Wir wollen nicht das tun, was andere für uns vorgesehen haben, sondern wir wollen uns frei entscheiden. Leider kann unsere Freiheitsliebe auch ausgenutzt werden... Keywords: Psychologie - Werbepsychologie  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-5"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WP-hbbSCvcE" width="766" height="431" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:766px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-6"><p>Eigentlich schützt uns Reaktanz (Widerspenstigkeit) wie ein Schutzschild gegen Beeinflussungsversuche. Denn wann immer uns jemand etwas aufschwatzen möchte, reagieren wir in der Regel mit Abwehr. Wir wollen nicht das tun, was andere für uns vorgesehen haben, sondern wir wollen uns frei entscheiden.</p>
<p>Leider kann unsere Freiheitsliebe auch ausgenutzt werden&#8230;</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Psychologie &#8211; Werbepsychologie &#8211; Manipulation &#8211; Beeinflussung &#8211; Reaktanz &#8211; Knappheit<strong><br />
</strong></p>
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<p>Armstrong, J. Scott (2010), Persuasive Advertising. London: Palgrave Macmillan.</p>
<p>Brehm, Sharon S. (1981). Psychological reactance and the attractiveness of unobtainable objects: Sex differences in children&#8217;s responses to an elimination of freedom. Sex Roles, Volume 7, Number 9,937-949</p>
<p>Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. Academic Press.</p>
<p>Brehm, S. S., &amp; Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological Reactance: A Theory of Freedom and Control. Academic Press.</p>
<p>Crawford, M. T., McConnell, A. R., Lewis, A. C., &amp; Sherman, S. J. (2002). Reactance, compliance, and  anticipated regret. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 56–63.</p>
<p>Darke, Peter R., Laurence Ashworth, and Robin J. B. Ritchie (2008), “Damage From Corrective Advertising: Causes and Cures,” Journal of Marketing, 72 (November), 81–97.</p>
<p>Dillard, J., &amp; Shen, L. (2005). On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. Communication Monographs, 72, 144-168.</p>
<p>GUEGUEN, N., &amp; PASCUAL, A. (2000). Evocation of freedom and compliance:  the &#8220;but you are free of&#8221; technique. Current Research in Social Psychology,  5, 264-270.</p>
<p>GUEGUEN, N., PASCUAL, A., JACOB, C., &amp; MORINEAU, T. (2002). Request  solicitation and semantic evocation of freedom:  An evaluation in  a  computer-mediated communication context. Perceptual and Motor Skills,  95, 208-212.</p>
<p>Gueguen, Nicolas and Pascual, Alexandre (2005) &#8220;Improving the Response Rate to a Street Survey: An Evaluation of the &#8220;But You Are Free to Accept or to Refuse&#8221; Technique,&#8221; The Psychological Record: Vol. 55: Iss. 2, Article 7. Available at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/tpr/vol55/iss2/7</p>
<p>Jacks, J. Z., &amp;Cameron, K. A. (2003). Strategies for resisting persuasion. Basic and Applied Social Psychology,  25, 145–161.</p>
<p>Miller, C. H., Lane, L. T., Deatrick, L. M., Young, A. M., &amp; Potts, K. A. (2007). Psychological reactance and promotional health messages: The effects of controlling language, lexical concreteness, and the restoration of freedom. Human Communication Research, 33, 219-240.</p>
<p>Miller, C. H., Burgoon, M., Grandpre, J., &amp; Alvaro, E. (2006). Identifying principal risk factors for the initiation of adolescent smoking behaviors: The significance of psychological reactance. Health Communication 19, 241-252.</p>
<p>Pennebaker, J., and Sanders, D. “American Graffiti: Effects of Authority and Reactance Arousal.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1976, 2, 264-267.</p>
<p>R. Barry Ruback, Daniel Juieng, (1997). Territorial Defense in Parking Lots: Retaliation Against Waiting Drivers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. Volume 27, Issue 9, pages 821–834, May 1997</p>
<p>Silvia, P. J. (2005). Deflecting reactance: The role of similarity in increasing compliance and reducing resistance. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27, 277–284.</p>
<p>Wansink, Brian and Pierre Chandon (2006), “Can ‘Low-Fat’ Nutrition Labels Lead to Obesity?” Journal of Marketing Research, 43, 605–617.</p>
<p>Zellinger, David A., Howard. L. Fromkin, Donald E. Speller, and Carol A. Kohn (1975), “A Commodity Theory Analysis of the Effects of Age Restrictions Upon Pornographic Materials,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 60 (1), 94–99.</p>
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		<title>Unbewusste Beeinflussung durch Werbung: Manipulation durch Musik, Düfte, &#8230; und subliminale Botschaften?</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/03/05/unbewusste-beeinflussung-durch-werbung-manipulation-durch-musik-duefte-und-subliminale-botschaften/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 05 Mar 2016 21:31:30 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geruch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Marketing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Musik]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[subliminale Stimuli]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Werbung]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.learningpsychology.net/?p=12317</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ein großer Teil der Manipulationstechniken der Werbeindustrie entgeht unserer Aufmerksamkeit. Manchmal ist es eine leise Hintergrundmusik, ein angenehmer Duft oder auch das Verhalten unserer Mitmenschen, die unser Konsumverhalten auf subtile Art und Weise beeinflussen. Wenn wir jedoch gefragt werden: "Warum hast du das gekauft?" So können wir häufig sehr rationale Erklärungen geben. Schließlich  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-8"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/AZCl9svQJB0?list=UUKqYM6Qzx-0IVReMjiX8fTg" width="766" height="431" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:766px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-9"><p>Ein großer Teil der Manipulationstechniken der Werbeindustrie entgeht unserer Aufmerksamkeit. Manchmal ist es eine leise Hintergrundmusik, ein angenehmer Duft oder auch das Verhalten unserer Mitmenschen, die unser Konsumverhalten auf subtile Art und Weise beeinflussen.</p>
<p>Wenn wir jedoch gefragt werden: &#8220;Warum hast du das gekauft?&#8221; So können wir häufig sehr rationale Erklärungen geben.<br />
Schließlich ist das eine Spezialität unseres Gehirns: Rationale Gründe für manchmal wenig rationales Verhalten erfinden&#8230;</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Psychologie &#8211; Werbepsychologie &#8211; Priming &#8211; Manipulation &#8211; Konsumentenpsychologie &#8211; Chartrand &#8211; Berger &#8211; subliminale Botschaften &#8211; James Vicary &#8211; Karremans &#8211; Gerüche &#8211; Düfte<strong><br />
</strong></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-11 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:10px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-10"><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><u><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype;">Besprochene Studien:</span></u></strong></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><em><strong>Supraliminales Priming</strong></em></span></span></p>
<p><strong>1. Musik</strong></p>
<p>North, A.C., Hargreaves, D.J., and McKendrick, J. (1999). <strong>The Influence of In-Store music on wine selections.</strong> Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 271-276.</p>
<p>Versuchspersonen: 82 Besucher eines englischen Supermarkts<br />
&#8211; Im Weinregal des Supermarkts befanden sich zwei Weinsorten (deutscher bzw. franz. Wein), die hinsichtlich Preis und Süße identisch waren.<br />
&#8211; Über zwei Wochen wurde abwechselnd am Weinregal<br />
a) französiche Musik (Akkordeon)<br />
oder<br />
b) deutsche Volksmusik gespielt. (Bierkellermusik; Blasinstrumente)</p>
<p>Ergebnisse:<br />
&#8211; Wenn deutsche Musik gespielt wurde, wurde deutscher Wein bevorzugt, wenn französische Musik gespielt wurde, wurde eher französischer Wein gekauft.<br />
&#8211; Nur 6 von 44 Befragten gaben an, durch die Musik bei ihrer Entscheidung beeinflusst worden zu sein.</p>
<hr size="1" />
<p><strong><br />
2. Gerüche</strong></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Hirsch, A., 1995. <strong>Effects of ambient odors on slot-machine usage in a Las Vegas casino</strong>. Psychology and Marketing 12, 585–594.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial;">&#8211; 68 Spielautomaten (Las Vegas)<br />
&#8211; 3 Bedingungen<br />
a) Duft A<br />
b) Duft B<br />
c) kein Duft</span></p>
<p>-&gt; Nur Duft A führte zu einer signifikanten Umsatzssteigerung (45,11% im Vergleich zu den Wochenenden davor und danach)<br />
-&gt; bei Verstärkung des Dufts stieg der Umsatz (53% vs. 34%)</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<hr size="1" />
<p><strong>3. Anwesenheit anderer Personen</strong></p>
<p>McFerran, Brent, Darren W. Dahl, Gavan J. Fitzsimons, and Andrea C. Morales (2010), I’ll Have What She’s Having: Effects of Social Influence and Body Type on the Food Choices of Others”, Journal of Consumer Research, 36 (6, April) 915-929.</p>
<hr size="1" />
<p><strong>4. andere Umwelteinflüsse</strong></p>
<p>Berger, Jonah, and Grainne Fitzsimons. 2008. <strong>Dogs on the Street, Pumas on Your Feet: How Cues in the Environment Influence Product Evaluation and Choice.</strong>  Journal of Marketing Research 45 (February):1-14.</p>
<p><em>Experiment 1:</em></p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 144 Passanten<br />
&#8211; &#8220;Bitte nenne fünf Dinge aus der Kategorie Süßigkeit/Schokolade und fünf Dinge aus der Kategorie Limonade&#8221;<br />
&#8211; zwei Befragungszeitpunkte:<br />
a) ein Tag vor Halloween (Samstagabend)<br />
b) eine Woche später (Samstagabend)</p>
<p>Ergebnisse:<br />
Einen Tag vor Halloween wurden häufiger orangene Produkte genannt.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<hr />
<p><em>Experiment 2:</em></p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 29 Studenten<br />
&#8211; Im Rahmen einer Konsumentenbefragung sollten die Probanden aus 20 Produktpaaren auswählen, welche sie bevorzugen würden. Dabei mussten sie sich u.a. zwischen orangenen Produkten (z.B. Fanta) und grünen Produkten (z.B. Sprite) entscheiden.<br />
&#8211; Zum Ausfüllen des Fragebogens erhielten sie:<br />
a) einen orangenen Stift<br />
b) einen grünen Stift</p>
<p>Ergebnisse:<br />
Die Probanden präferierten eher jene Produkte, die der Farbe ihres Stifts entsprach.</p>
<hr size="1" />
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><em><strong>Subliminales Priming</strong></em></span></span></p>
<p><strong>1. James Vicary</strong></p>
<p><img decoding="async" title="James Vicary_subliminal" src="http://www.psychologiederschule.de/images/James%20Vicary_Drink%20Coca%20Cola_fraud.jpg" alt="James Vicary_subliminal" border="0" /><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></p>
<hr size="1" />
<p><strong>2. Unspezifische Effekte</strong></p>
<p>Cooper, Joel; Cooper, Grant (2002). &#8220;<strong>Subliminal motivation: A story revisited</strong>&#8220;. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32 (11): 2213–2227. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb01860.x.</p>
<p><em>Experiment 1:</em></p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 40 Jugendliche (durschn. Alter: 15.5 Jahre; 20 Mädchen)<br />
&#8211; Coverstory: &#8220;Wir interessieren uns dafür, wie sich unterschiedliche Motivationslagen auf die visuelle Erinnerungsfähigkeit auswirken.&#8221;<br />
&#8211; Alle Probanden sahen eine 18 minütige Simpsons-Folge<br />
a) mit subliminalen Stimuli (12 x Cola-Dose, 12 x &#8220;thirsty&#8221;; Darbietungszeit 33ms)<br />
b) ohne subliminale Stimuli (weißes Bild; Darbietungszeit 33ms)</p>
<p>Problem:<br />
&#8211; vielleicht führte die Darbietung des Wortes &#8220;thirsty&#8221; dazu, dass dieses Wort bei der nachfolgenden Befragung präsenter war. In Wirklichkeit waren die Probanden also gar nicht durstiger&#8230;?</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;</p>
<p><em>Experiment 2 (Replikation von Experiment 1):</em></p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 45 Schüler (24 weiblich, 21 männlich)<br />
&#8211; Coverstory: &#8220;Es geht um die Fähigkeit, sich an visuelle Stimuli zu erinnnern.&#8221;<br />
&#8211; Die Probanden sahen die gleich Simpsons-Episode wie in Experiment 1<br />
a) mit subliminalen Stimuli (12 x Cola-Dose, 12 x &#8220;Bild eines durstigen Boxers; Sugar Ray Leonard&#8221;; Darbietungszeit 33ms)<br />
b) ohne subliminale Stimuli (weißes Bild; Darbietungszeit 33ms)</p>
<p><strong>3. Effekte wenn ein Bedürfnis vorhanden ist</strong></p>
<p>Karremans, J.; Stroebe, W.; Claus, J. (2006). &#8220;<strong>Beyond Vicary&#8217;s fantasies: the impact of subliminal priming and brand choice</strong>&#8220;. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 42 (6): 792–798. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.002</p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen (<em>Experiment 2</em>): 105 Studenten (32 Männer, 73 Frauen)<br />
&#8211; Durst-Manipulation: Im Rahmen einer vermeindlichen Pilotstudie (&#8220;tongue detection task&#8221;) erhielt eine Hälfte der Probanden einen salzigen Drops =&gt; Durst<br />
1. (vermeindliche) Visual Detection Task<br />
&#8211; Die Probanden sollten zuerst die Wahrnehmungsaufgabe (Visual Detection Task) bearbeiten. Dabei wurden ihnen subliminal unterschiedliche Stimuli präsentiert:<br />
a) &#8220;Lipton Ice&#8221; (Experimentalgruppe)<br />
b) &#8220;Npeic Tol&#8221; (Kontrollgruppe)<br />
<span class="footNote"><span class="footNote">2. Consumer Behaviour<br />
&#8211; In der darauffolgenden Studie zum &#8220;Konsumentenverhalten&#8221; wurden die Probanden befragt, ob sie lieber &#8220;Lipton Ice&#8221; oder &#8220;Spa Rood&#8221; trinken würden. </span></span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>4. Auch ohne Bedürfnis?</strong></p>
<p>Veltkamp, M., Aarts, H., &amp; Custers, R. (2011). <strong>Motivating consumer behavior by subliminal conditioning in the absence of basic needs: Striking even while the iron is cold.</strong> Journal of Consumer Psychology, 21, 49–56. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2010.09.011</p>
<p><em>Experiment 1:<br />
</em><br />
&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 65 Studenten<br />
&#8211; Coverstory: &#8220;Es geht um Wahrnehmung und Produktbeurteilung&#8221;<br />
&#8211; Ablauf:<br />
1. Durstmanipulation: Alle Probanden sollten zwei salzige Kräcker essen und diese bewerten.<br />
2. Einer Hälfte der Probanden wurde Wasser zur Verfügung gestellt um ihren Durst zu löschen (Low Deprivation). Die andere Hälfte erhielt kein Wasser (High Deprivation).<br />
3. (vermeintliche) Wahrnehmungsaufgabe: Die Probanden sollten kurz eingeblendete Punkte entdecken (dot detection task). Während dieser Aufgabe wurden (subliminale) Trinkwörter (drinking, glas, water) mit positiven (smile, good, nice,&#8230;) oder neutralen (thus, when, such,&#8230;) Wörtern dargeboten.<br />
4. (vermeintliche) Produktbeurteilung: Drei unterschiedlich geformte Gläser mit je 100g Wasser sollten getestet werden (hinstichtlich Form, Handlichkeit, &#8230;)</p>
<p>Ergebnisse:<br />
&#8211; Versuchspersonen, die zuvor getrunken hatten (kein Trinkbedürfnis hatten), tranken nachdem sie subliminale &#8220;Trinkwörter&#8221; gepaart mit positiven Wörtern gesehen hatten deutlich mehr.<br />
&#8211; In der Gruppe der Durstigen (High Deprivation) führte die Kombination von subliminalen &#8220;Trinkwörtern&#8221; und positiven Wörtern zu keiner weiteren Steigerung.</p>
<p>Kritik:<br />
&#8211; geringe Versuchspersonenzahl (pro Gruppe ca. 16)</p>
<hr />
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><em>Experiment 2:</em></p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 82 Studenten<br />
&#8211; Coverstory: &#8220;Es geht um das Verhältnis von Essen/Trinken und der Leistung in einem Konzentrationstest&#8230;&#8221;<br />
&#8211; den Probanden wurden im Vorfeld gebeten, zwei Stunden vor dem Experiment nichts mehr zu essen und zu trinken<br />
&#8211; Ablauf:<br />
1. Die Probanden sollten zunächst die vermeindliche Konzentrationsaufgabe (dot detection task; siehe <em>Experiment 1</em>) bewältigen.<br />
2. Durstmanipulation: Eine Hälfte erhielt eine Gurke zu essen (200g; besteht zu 192g aus Wasser). Die andere Gruppe erhielt eine 4 minütige Pause.<br />
3. Alle Probanden erhielten ein Glas und eine Kanne mit 700g Wasser. Sie konnten so viel Wasser trinken, wie sie wollten.</p>
<p>Ergebnisse:<br />
&#8211; Wenn Versuchspersonen ihren Durst mithilfe der Gurke hatten stillen können, tranken sie dennoch mehr Wasser, wenn die subliminalen &#8220;Trinkwörter&#8221; mit positiven Wörtern präsentiert worden waren.</p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-12 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-has-icon fusion-full-width-sep" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:22px;margin-bottom:0px;width:100%;"><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div><span class="icon-wrapper" style="border-color:#3e3e3e;background-color:#dd9933;font-size:14px;width: 1.75em; height: 1.75em;border-width:1px;padding:1px;"><i class=" fa fa-book" style="font-size: inherit;color:#3e3e3e;" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:#dd9933;--awb-border-top:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-11"><p><strong>Literatur</strong></p>
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<p>Bar, M.; Biederman, I. (1998). &#8220;Sublimal Visual Priming&#8221;. Psychological Science 9 (6): 464–469. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00086</p>
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<p>Berger, Jonah, and Grainne Fitzsimons. 2008. Dogs on the Street, Pumas on Your Feet: How Cues in the Environment Influence Product Evaluation and Choice. Journal of Marketing Research 45 (February):1-14.</p>
<p>Berger, Jonah and Lindsay Rand (2008), “Shifting Signals to Help Health: Using Identity Signaling to Reduce Risky Heath Behaviors,” Journal of Consumer Research, 35(2), 509-518.</p>
<p>Blackwell, K. &amp; Halasz, A. (2007) Subliminal Advertising is the Debate over? The Australian Journal of Business and Informatics, 3(1).</p>
<p>Brannon, L.A. &amp; Brock. T.C. (n.d.). The Subliminal Persuasion Controversy, Reality, Enduring Fable, and Polonius’s Weasel. Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com /doc/9707100/The-Subliminal-Persuasion</p>
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<p>Cooper, Joel; Cooper, Grant (2002). &#8220;Subliminal motivation: A story revisited&#8221;. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32 (11): 2213–2227.doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb01860.x.</p>
<p>Carlisle M, Uchino BN, Sanbonmatsu DM, Smith TW, Cribbet MR, Birmingham W, Light KC, Vaughn AA. (2012). Subliminal activation of social ties moderates cardiovascular reactivity during acute stress. Health Psychol. 2012 Mar;31(2):217-25. doi: 10.1037/a0025187. Epub 2011 Aug 15</p>
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