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		<title>Psychology of Influence &#8211; The foot-in-the-door technique</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/10/22/psychology-of-influence-the-foot-in-the-door-technique/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 22 Oct 2016 15:37:23 +0000</pubDate>
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		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Foot-in-the-door]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychologie]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[The foot-in-the-door technique is certainly one of the best-known and best-researched influence techniques. Usually only the study by Freedman and Fraser (1966) is presented in psychology textbooks. Meanwhile, foot-in-the-door technique has been tested in many other situations. For example when it comes to begging money or to invite a woman  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-video fusion-youtube" style="--awb-max-width:812px;--awb-max-height:431px;"><div class="video-shortcode"><div class="fluid-width-video-wrapper" style="padding-top:53.08%;" ><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" title="YouTube video player 1" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ubop8Oj3C08?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0" width="812" height="431" allowfullscreen allow="autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:812px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-1"><p>The foot-in-the-door technique is certainly one of the best-known and best-researched influence techniques. Usually only the study by Freedman and Fraser (1966) is presented in psychology textbooks.<br />
Meanwhile, foot-in-the-door technique has been tested in many other situations. For example when it comes to begging money or to invite a woman to a date.<br />
In recent years attempts are being made to improve the effectiveness of foot-in-the-door technology &#8230;</p>
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		<title>Die Macht der Berührung (in der Erziehung)</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/06/21/die-macht-der-beruehrung-in-der-erziehung/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 21 Jun 2016 14:31:28 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Berührung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bildung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Delay of Gratification]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Erziehung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Klassenführung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychologie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sozialpsychologie]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Manchmal kann es schwer sein, Kinder dazu zu bringen, im Schulunterricht besser aufzupassen oder für einen Test zu lernen. Forschungsergebnisse legen nahe, dass schon durch leichte Berührungen so manche nervenzerrende Diskussion verhindert werden kann. Keywords: Psychologie - Berührung - Erziehung - Bildung - Delay of Gratification  Besprochene Studien: Scafidi F, Field T,  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-2"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ak2YbLC_2ZY" width="766" height="431" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:766px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-3"><p>Manchmal kann es schwer sein, Kinder dazu zu bringen, im Schulunterricht besser aufzupassen oder für einen Test zu lernen. Forschungsergebnisse legen nahe, dass schon durch leichte Berührungen so manche nervenzerrende Diskussion verhindert werden kann.</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Psychologie &#8211; Berührung &#8211; Erziehung &#8211; Bildung &#8211; Delay of Gratification <strong><br />
</strong></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:10px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-4"><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><u><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype;">Besprochene Studien:</span></u></strong></span><br />
Scafidi F, Field T, Schanberg SM, et al. Effects of tactile/kinesthetic  stimulation and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates.  Infant Behav Dev 1986;9:91-105.</p>
<p>Leonard JA1, Berkowitz T, Shusterman A. (2014). The effect of friendly touch on delay-of-gratification in preschool children. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2014;67(11):2123-33. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2014.907325. Epub 2014 Apr 22.</p>
<p>&#8211; 40 Kinder (ca. 5 Jahre)</p>
<p>&#8211; Die Kinder wurden gebeten den Verzehr von Süßigkeiten aufzuschieben: I’m going to hide five (candies) under this cup, and I want you to wait until I tell you to look for and eat the (candy). This time, I need to do some paperwork outside. But remember, I’d really like you to wait until I tell you to look for and eat the (candy). Okay? Half the children received a friendly touch on the back during this request (only the italicized portion). The experimenter placed the candy under one of three cups and left the participant for 10 min. If the child rang the bell, the timer was stopped, the experimenter reentered the room and asked if they were okay</p>
<p>a) leichte Berührung am Rücken</p>
<p>b) keine Berührung</p>
<p>&#8211; Ergebnis: die Kinder die man berührt hatte warteten durchschnittlich 2 min. 13 sec länger (8:30 min vs. 6:10 min)</p>
<hr />
<p>Kazdin, A. &amp; Klock, J. (1973). The effect of nonverbal teacher approval on student attentive behaviour. Jounal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 643-654.</p>
<p>Versuchspersonen: 12 geistig behinderte Kinder (IQ: 48-73; Alter 7-12)</p>
<p>&#8211; Die Lehrerin erhielt ein Training um gezielt mehr nonverbales Feedback einzusetzen (Lächeln, Hinterkopf tätscheln, Schulter klopfen, Umarmen&#8230;)</p>
<p>&#8211; Die Lehrerin sollte ihr Verhalten gezielt variieren (ABAB-Versuchsplan; Gesamtdauer der Studie 30 Tage)  &#8211; Das Verhalten der Lehrerin und der Kinder wurde von 5 Beobachtern erfasst</p>
<p>&#8211; Die Aufmerksamkeit der Kinder wurde durch folgende Variablen erfasst (ruhig sitzen, nicht mit dem Nachbarn quatschen, an der zugeteilten Aufgabe arbeiten)</p>
<hr />
<p>Wheldall, K., Bevan, K. &amp; Shortall, K. (1986). A touch of reinforcement: The effects of contingent teacher touch on the classroom behaviour of young children. Educational Review, 38, 207-216.</p>
<p>&#8211; 2 Experimente mit insgesamt 115 Schulkindern (5-6 Jahre alt)</p>
<p>&#8211; 4 Lehrpersonen</p>
<p>&#8211; Es ging nicht darum insgesamt mehr zu tätscheln, sondern kontingent zu tätscheln (d.h. immer dann wenn erwünschtes Verhalten gezeigt wurde; operantes Konditionieren&#8230;)</p>
<hr />
<p>Gueguen, N. (2004). Nonverbal encouragement of participation in a course: The effect of touching. Social Psychology of Education,7,89-98.doi:10.1023/B:SPOE.0000010691.30834.14</p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 105 Studenten (Statistikkurs)</p>
<p>&#8211; Beim Lösen der Aufgaben ging der Professor durch die Reihen und lobte einzelne Studenten: &#8220;That&#8217;s good. Well done.&#8221;  Währenddessen:</p>
<p>a) Berührung (leichtes Tippen auf den Arm)</p>
<p>b) keine Berührung  Dann: &#8220;Möchte irgendjemand nach vorne kommen und die Lösung an die Tafel schreiben?&#8221;</p>
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<p>Blackwell, P. L. (2000). The influence of touch on childdevelopment: Implications for intervention.Infantsand Young Children,13(1), 25–39.</p>
<p>Brockner, J., Pressman, B., Cabitt, J., &amp; Moran, P. (1982). Nonverbal intimacy,sex, and compliance: A field study. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior,6, 253–258.</p>
<p>Alagna,  F.,  Whitcher,  S.,  Fisher,  J.,  &amp;  Wicas,  E.  (1979).  Evaluative  reaction  to  interpersonal  touch  in  acounseling interview. Journal of  Counseling Psychology, 26,465-472.</p>
<p>Bacorn, C., &amp; Dixon, D. (1984). The effects of touch on depressed and vocationally undecided clients. Journal of  Counseling Psychology, 31,488-49.</p>
<p>Camps, J., Tuteleers, C., Stouten, J., Nelissen, J. (2013). A situational touch: How touch affects people’s decision behavior. Social Influence, DOI:10.1080/15534510.2012.719479</p>
<p>Coan, J. A., Schaefer, H. S., &amp; Davidson, R. J. (2006).  Lending a hand: Social regulation of the neural  response  to  threat.  Psychological  Science ,  17 (12),  1032 – 1039.  doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01832.x</p>
<p>Crusco, A &amp; Wetzel, C (1984). The midas touch: The effects of interpersonal touch on restaurant tipping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10,512-517.</p>
<p>Doliński, D. (2010). Touch, compliance, and homophobia. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 34, 179-192.</p>
<p>Dariusz Dolinski (2013). Male homophobia, touch, and compliance: A matter of the touched, not the toucher. Polish Psychological Bulletin. Band 44, Heft 4, Seiten 457–461, ISSN (Print) 0079-2993, DOI: 10.2478/ppb-2013-0051, December 2013.</p>
<p>Durana, C. (1998). The use of touch in psychotherapy: Ethical and clinical guidelines. Pychotherapy, 35,269-280.</p>
<p>Eaton, M., Mitchell-Bonair, I,. &amp; Friedmann, E. (1986). The effect of touch on nutritional intake of chronic organic brain syndrome patients. Journal of  Gerontology, 41,611-616.</p>
<p>Ebesu Hubbard, A. S., Tsuji, A., Williams, C., &amp; Seatriz, V. (2003). Effects of touch on gratuities received insame-gender and cross-gender dyads. Journal of  Applied Social Psychology, 33(11),2427-2438.</p>
<p>Erceau, D., Guéguen, N., 2007. Tactile contact and evaluation of the toucher. Journal of Social Psychology 147, 441–444.</p>
<p>Field, T. (1999). Preschoolers in America are touched less and are more aggressive than preschoolers in France. Early Childhood Development and Care, 151,11-17.</p>
<p>Field, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., Diego, M., Schanberg, S., Kuhn, C., 2005. Cortisol decreases and serotonin and dopamine increase following massage therapy. International Journal of Neuroscience 115, 1397–1413.</p>
<p>Goldman, M., &amp; Fordyce, J. (1983). Prosocial behavior as affected by eye contact, touch, andvoice expression.The Journal of Social Psychology,121, 125–129</p>
<p>Godin,  G.,  Sheeran,  P.,  Conner,  M.,  &amp;  Germain,  M.  (2008).  Asking  questions  changes  behavior:  mere measurement effects on frequency of blood donation. Health Psychology, 27,179-184.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., &amp; Jacob, C. (2005). The Effect of touch on tipping: An evaluation in a French’s bar. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 24,295-299.</p>
<p>Guéguen,  N.,  (2001a).  Toucher  et  soumission  à  une  requête  :  Réplications  expérimentales  en  situationnaturelle et évaluation de l’impact du statut. Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, 14,113-158.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N. (2001b). L’effet d’influence du toucher sur le comportement du consommateur: 2 illustrationsexpérimentales en extérieur. Direction et Gestion: La Revue des Sciences de Gestion, 190-191,123-132.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N. (2002). Touch, awareness of touch and compliance to a request. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 95,355-360.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N. (2002). Status, apparel and touch: Their joint effects on compliance to a request. North AmericanJournal of  Psychology, 4,279-286.</p>
<p>Gueguen, N. (2004). Nonverbal encouragement of participation in a course: The effect of touching. Social Psychology of Education,7,89-98.doi:10.1023/B:SPOE.0000010691.30834.14</p>
<p>Guéguen, N. (2007). The effect of a man’s touch on woman’s compliance to a request in a courtship context. Social Influence,2, 81–97.</p>
<p>Gueguen, N., &amp; Fischer-Loku, J. (2002). An evaluation of touch on a large  request:  A field setting. Psychological Reports,90(1), 267–269.doi:10.2466/PR0.90.1.267-269.</p>
<p>Gueguen, N., and Fischer-Lokou, J. (2003). Tactile contact and spontaneous help: An evaluation in a natural setting. Journal of Social Psychology,143, 785-787.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., &amp; Jacob, C. (2005). The Effect of touch on tipping: An evaluation in a French’s bar. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 24,295-299.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., &amp; Jacob, C. (2006). The effect of tactile stimulation on the purchasing behaviour of consumers: An experimental study in natural setting. International Journal of Management, 23, 24-33.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., Jacob, C., &amp; Boulbry, G. (2007). Server’s suggestion and tactile contact: An evaluation in a restaurant.International Journal of  Hospitality Management, 26,1019-1023.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., &amp; Joule, R. V. (2008). L’effet d’influence du toucher sur la soumission à des requêtes: Uneméta-analyse. Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, 80,39-58.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N.  &amp; Vion, M. (2009). The Effect of practitioner’s touch on patient’s medication compliance: An evaluation in a natural setting. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 14,689-694.</p>
<p>Holt-Lunstad, J., Birmingham, W. A., &amp; Light, K. C.(2008). Influence of a“warm touch”support enhance-ment intervention among married couples on ambu-latory blood pressure, oxytocin, alpha amylase, andcortisol. Psychosomatic  Medicine,70,  976–985.doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318187aef7</p>
<p>Hornik, J. (1987). The effect of touch and gaze upon compliance and interest of interviewees. The Journal of Social Psychology, 127,681-683.</p>
<p>Hornik, J. (1992a). Effects of physical contact on customers’ shopping time and behavior. Marketing Letters,3,49-55.</p>
<p>Hornik, J. (1992b). Tactile stimulation and consumer response. Journal of Consumer Research, 19,449-458.</p>
<p>Hornik, J., &amp; Ellis, S. (1988). Strategies to secure compliance for a mall intercept interview. Public OpinionQuarterly, 52,539-551.</p>
<p>Hou WH1, Chiang PT, Hsu TY, Chiu SY, Yen YC. (2010). Treatment effects of massage therapy in depressed people: a meta-analysis. 2010 jul;71(7):894-901. doi: 10.4088/jcp.09r05009blu. epub 2010 mar 23.</p>
<p>Hubble, M., Noble, F., &amp; Robinson, S. (1981). The effect of counselor touch in an initial counseling session. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28,533-535.</p>
<p>Jourard, S. (1966). An exploratory study of body accessibility. British Journal of  Social and Clinical Psychology, 5,221-231. Journal of  Articles in Support of  the Null Hypothesis.JASNH, 2011, Vol. 8, No. 18</p>
<p>Kaufman, D., &amp; Mahoney, J. M. (1999). The effect of waitress touch on alcohol consumption in dyads. Journal of Social Psychology, 139,261-267.</p>
<p>Joule, R.V., Guéguen, N., 2007. Touch, compliance, and awareness of tactile contact.Perceptual and Motor Skills 104, 581–588.</p>
<p>Kleinke, C. (1977). Compliance to requests made by gazing and touching experimenters in field settings. Journal of  Experimental Social Psychology, 13,218-223.</p>
<p>Leonard JA, Berkowitz T, Shusterman A. (2014). The effect of friendly touch on delay-of-gratification in preschool children. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2014;67(11):2123-33. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2014.907325. Epub 2014 Apr 22.</p>
<p>Lynn, M., Le, J. M., &amp; Sherwyn, D. (1998). Reach out and touch your customers. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 39,60-65.</p>
<p>Moore, M. M. (2002). Courtship communication and perception.Perceptual and Motor Skills,94, 97–105.</p>
<p>Moore, M. M. (1985). Nonverbal patterns in women: Context and consequences. Ethology andSociobiology,6, 237–247.</p>
<p>Moore, M. M., &amp; Butler, D. L. (1989). Predictive aspects on nonverbal courtship behavior inwomen.Semiotica,3, 201–214</p>
<p>Nannberg, J., &amp; Hansen, C. (1994). Post-compliance touch: An incentive for task performance. The Journal of  Social Psychology, 134,301-307.</p>
<p>Paulsell, S., &amp; Goldman, M. (1984). The effect of touching different body areas on prosocial behavior. The Journal of  Social Psychology, 122,269-273.</p>
<p>Patterson, M. L., Powell, J. L., &amp; Lenihan, M. G. (1986). Touch, compliance, and interpersonal affect. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior,10(1), 41–50.doi:10.1007/BF00987204.</p>
<p>Patterson, M.L., and Manusov, V.L. (2006). The SAGE handbook ofnonverbal communication. Book Academic Collection, SagePublication.</p>
<p>Pattison, J. (1973). Effects of touch on self-exploration and the therapeutic relationship. Journal of  Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40,170-175.</p>
<p>Powell, J.L., Meil, W., Patterson, M.L., Chouinard, E.F. (1994). Effects of timing of touch on compliance to a request. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 153-162.</p>
<p>Scafidi F, Field T, Schanberg SM, et al. Effects of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates.  Infant Behav Dev 1986;9:91-105.</p>
<p>Segrin,  C.  (1993).  The  effects  of  nonverbal  behavior  on  outcomes  of  compliance  gaining  attempts. Communication Studies, 44,169-187.</p>
<p>Smith, D., Gier, J., &amp; Willis, F. (1982). Interpersonal touch and compliance with a marketing request. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 3,35-38.</p>
<p>Stephen,  R.,  &amp;  Zweigenhaft,  R.  (1986).  The  effect  on  tipping  of  a  waitress  touching  male  and  female customers. The Journal of Social Psychology, 126,141-142.</p>
<p>Stockwell, S., &amp; Dye, A. (1980). Effects of counselor touch on counseling outcome. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27,443-446.</p>
<p>Willis, F.N., Hamm, H.K. (1980). The use of interpersonal touch insecuring compliance. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 5, 49-55.</p>
<p>Wheldall ,  K. ,  Bevan ,  K .  &amp;  Shortall ,  K .  (1986) .  A  touch  of  reinforcement :  The  effects of  contingent  teacher  touch  on  the  classroom  behaviour  of  young  children.  Educational Review,  38 ,  207-216.</p>
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		<title>Schmetterlinge im Bauch &#8211; Wenn wir Aufregung mit Liebe verwechseln</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/06/21/schmetterlinge-im-bauch-wenn-wir-aufregung-mit-liebe-verwechseln/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 21 Jun 2016 13:51:30 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Anziehungskraft]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Attraktivität]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Date]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dating]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Erstes Date]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Liebe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychologie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sozialpsychologie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Verführung]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.learningpsychology.net/?p=12514</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Obwohl wir Liebe häufig für ein magisches und schicksalhaftes Phänomen halten, ist sie doch in starkem Maße auch von äußeren Umständen abhängig. Ein klassisches Experiment aus der Psychologie, in welchem Männer eine Frau auf einer furchteinflößenden Hängebrücke kennenlernten, verdeutlicht, dass aufregende Situationen romantische Gefühle verstärken können. (Dutton, D. G., &amp; Aron, A. P.  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-6"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eqnD4z_6CN4" width="766" height="431" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:766px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-7"><p>Obwohl wir Liebe häufig für ein magisches und schicksalhaftes Phänomen halten, ist sie doch in starkem Maße auch von äußeren Umständen abhängig. Ein klassisches Experiment aus der Psychologie, in welchem Männer eine Frau auf einer furchteinflößenden Hängebrücke kennenlernten, verdeutlicht, dass aufregende Situationen romantische Gefühle verstärken können.<br />
(Dutton, D. G., &amp; Aron, A. P. (1974). Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. Journal of personality and social psychology, 30(4), 510)</p>
<p>Zwei prominente Erklärungsansätze lauten:</p>
<p>1. Response-Facilitation: Die Erregung verstärkt unsere Reaktion.</p>
<p>2. Fehlattribution: Die Erregung wird von uns falsch interpretiert.</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Psychologie &#8211; Liebe &#8211; Gefühle &#8211; Verführung &#8211; Beeinflussung &#8211; Sozialpsychologie &#8211; Flirten &#8211; Date <strong><br />
</strong></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-11 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:10px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-8"><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><u><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype;">Besprochene Studien:</span></u></strong></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Foster, C. A., Witcher, B. S., Campbell, K. W., &amp; Green, J. D. (1998). Arousal and attraction: Evidence for automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 86-101. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.86</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dutton, D. G., &amp; Aron, A. P. (1974). Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. <i>Journal of personality and social psychology</i>, <i>30</i>(4), 510.</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="wp-image-12519 aligncenter" src="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-300x168.jpg" alt="Kontaktaufnahme" width="591" height="331" srcset="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-120x67.jpg 120w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-200x112.jpg 200w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-300x168.jpg 300w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-400x225.jpg 400w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-500x281.jpg 500w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-600x337.jpg 600w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-768x431.jpg 768w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-800x449.jpg 800w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton.jpg 1076w" sizes="(max-width: 591px) 100vw, 591px" /></p>
<p align="left">Lewandowski, G., &amp; Aron, A. (2004). Distinguishing arousal from novelty and challenge in initial romantic attraction between strangers. Social Behavior and Personality, 32(4), 361-372.</p>
<ul>
<li>1,5kg Gewichte um die Fußgelenke während eines Spiels; die größere Anstrengung führte zu mehr Arousal- &gt; die Partner wurden als attraktiver eingestuft.</li>
</ul>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-12 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-has-icon fusion-full-width-sep" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:22px;margin-bottom:0px;width:100%;"><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div><span class="icon-wrapper" style="border-color:#3e3e3e;background-color:#dd9933;font-size:14px;width: 1.75em; height: 1.75em;border-width:1px;padding:1px;"><i class=" fa fa-book" style="font-size: inherit;color:#3e3e3e;" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:#dd9933;--awb-border-top:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-9"><p><strong>Literatur</strong></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">White, G. L., Fishbein, S., &amp; Rutstein, J. (1981). Passionate low and the misattribution of arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 41 (1), 56–62.</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aron, A., Norman, C.C., Aron, E.N., McKenna, C., &amp; Heyman, R. (2000). Couples’ shared participation in novel and arousing activ- ities and experienced relationship quality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 , 273–284.</span></span></p>
<p>Allen, J; Kenrick, D; Linder, D; McCall, M (1989). &#8220;Arousal and attraction: A response-facilitation alternative to misattribution and negative-reinforcement models&#8221;. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57: 261–270.</p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">White, G. L., &amp; Kight, T. D. (1984). Misattribution of arousal and attraction: Effects of salience of explanations for arousal. Journal of Experimental social psychology, 1(20), 55-66. doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(84)90012-X</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Foster, C. A., Witcher, B. S., Campbell, K. W., &amp; Green, J. D. (1998). Arousal and attraction: Evidence for automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 86-101. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.86</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Kenrick, D. T., Cialdini, R., &amp; Linder, D. (1979). Misattribution under Fear-Producing Circumstance: Four Failures to Replicate. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5(3), 329-334</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dutton, D. G., &amp; Aron, A. P. (1974). Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. <i>Journal of personality and social psychology</i>, <i>30</i>(4), 510. </span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Carducci, B. J., Cozby, P. C, &amp; Ward, C. D. (1978). Sexual arousal and interpersonal evaluations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 449-457.</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meston, C. M., &amp; Frohlich, P. F. (2003). Love at first fright: Partner salience moderates roller-coaster-induced excitation transfer. <i>Archives of sexual behavior</i>, <i>32</i>(6), 537-544.</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cohen, B.,Waugh, G.,&amp;Place, K. (1989). At the movies: An unobtrusive study of arousal-attraction. Journal of Social Psychology, 129, 691– 693.</span></span></p>
<p align="left">Lewandowski, G., &amp; Aron, A. (2004). Distinguishing arousal from novelty and challenge in initial romantic attraction between strangers. Social Behavior and Personality, 32(4), 361-372.</p>
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		<title>NLP &#8211; Unfassbare Manipulation</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/05/03/nlp-unfassbare-manipulation/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 May 2016 13:42:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychologie]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.learningpsychology.net/?p=12384</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Von vielen NLP-"Meistern" wird das obige Video als ein Beweis für die nahezu unbegrenzten Beeinflussungsmöglichkeiten des NLP (Neuro-Linguistisches Programmieren) angepriesen. Aber hat der britische Mentalist Derren Brown in diesem Video wirklich mit Hilfe von NLP das Kunststück vollbracht, eine Erinnerung auszulöschen und gleichzeitig ein völlig neues Bedürfnis (BMX-Bike) zu erzeugen? Zugegeben: Die cinematische  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-14 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-10"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sEmCQzueyEQ" width="766" height="431" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:766px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-15 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-11"><p>Von vielen NLP-&#8220;Meistern&#8221; wird das obige Video als ein Beweis für die nahezu unbegrenzten Beeinflussungsmöglichkeiten des NLP (<strong>N</strong>euro-<strong>L</strong>inguistisches <strong>P</strong>rogrammieren) angepriesen. Aber hat der britische Mentalist Derren Brown in diesem Video wirklich mit Hilfe von NLP das Kunststück vollbracht, eine Erinnerung auszulöschen und gleichzeitig ein völlig neues Bedürfnis (BMX-Bike) zu erzeugen?</p>
<p>Zugegeben: Die cinematische Umsetzung ist großartig und als Laie &#8211; der man vielleicht schon die eine oder andere Hypnose-Show gesehen hat &#8211; ist man vielleicht geneigt, dem Spuk zu glauben.<br />
Aber die Wahrheit ist: Das wahre Kunststück bestand darin, die Welt glauben zu machen, er habe bei seinem (Zauber-)Trick NLP verwendet. Natürlich ist Derren Brown als Mentalist mit Hypnose- und NLP- Techniken vertraut. Andererseits ist er aber auch ein sehr skeptischer und wissenschaftsorientierter Mensch. Somit sind ihm die Grenzen des NLP sehr wohl bewusst. Und die Grenzen des NLP sind deutlich enger gesteckt als vielerorts lauthals behauptet wird. Natürlich gibt es Techniken (z.B. das Ankern), die aus der Psychologie abgekupfert wurden (klassisches Konditionieren) und die durchaus funktionieren können. Allerdings hielten viele andere Lehren des NLP einer wissenschaftlichen Überprüfung nicht stand. So kann man beispielsweise in nahezu jedem NLP-Ratgeber nachlesen, dass man anhand der Augenbewegungen einer Person feststellen könne, ob diese Person gerade lüge. <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0040259">Die Mehrzahl der Studien konnte diesen Phänomen aber keineswegs nachweisen</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Aber wie hat er&#8217;s gemacht?</strong> Als Mentalist (Zauberer, der seine Tricks wie Mental-Magie aussehen lässt) verrät natürlich auch ein Derren Brown nirgends seine Tricks. Daher bleibt nur zu spekulieren: Höchstwahrscheinlich hat er aber einfach einen Weg gefunden den Zettel/Umschlag zu präparieren oder auszutauschen. (Darum bekommen wir als Zuschauer wohl auch nicht zu sehen, wie der Zettel eigentlich in den Umschlag gekommen ist.)<br />
Es ist somit kein Wunder, dass die Versuchsperson (Simon Pegg; britischer Schauspieler) äußerst verblüfft ist, als er auf dem Zettel &#8220;Leather Jacket&#8221; liest. Denn in Wirklichkeit hatte er sich von Anfang an wirklich ein rotes BMX-Bike gewünscht&#8230;<br />
Jetzt kann man natürlich einwenden: „Aber er sagt doch, dass es seine Handschrift sei!&#8221;<br />
Das ist zwar richtig. Aber eine Handschrift lässt sich natürlich ohne Probleme fälschen&#8230;</p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-16 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-has-icon fusion-full-width-sep" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:22px;margin-bottom:0px;width:100%;"><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div><span class="icon-wrapper" style="border-color:#3e3e3e;background-color:#dd9933;font-size:14px;width: 1.75em; height: 1.75em;border-width:1px;padding:1px;"><i class=" fa fa-book" style="font-size: inherit;color:#3e3e3e;" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-17 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:#dd9933;--awb-border-top:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-12"><p><strong>Literatur</strong></p>
<p>Beck CE, Beck EA (1984) Test of the Eye-Movement Hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming: A rebuttal of conclusions. Percept Mot Skills 58: 175–176.</p>
<p>Ekman P (2001) Telling lies. Clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage. New York: W. W. Norton &amp; Company.</p>
<p>Heap M (2008) The validity of some early claims of neuro-linguistic programming. Skeptical Intelligencer 11: 6–13.</p>
<p>Sharpley CF (1984) Predicate matching in NLP: A review of research on the preferred representational system. J Couns Psychol 31: 238–248.</p>
<p>Sharpley CF (1987) Research findings on neurolinguistic programming: Nonsupportive data or an untestable theory? J Couns Psychol 34: 103–107.</p>
<p>Thomason TC, Arbuckle T, Cady D (1980) Test of the Eye Movement Hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming. Percept Mot Skills 51: 230.</p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-18 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-recent-posts fusion-recent-posts-1 avada-container layout-default layout-columns-3"><section class="fusion-columns columns fusion-columns-3 columns-3"><article class="post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-zoomin"><ul class="slides"><li><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2026/03/28/scientists-compared-ai-to-real-therapists-the-results-are-wild/" aria-label="Scientists Compared AI to Real Therapists. The Results Are Wild." class="hover-type-zoomin"><img decoding="async" width="700" height="441" src="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026-03-28_11-29-29-700x441.jpg" class="attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts" alt="We Compared AI to Real Therapists. The Results Are Wild." srcset="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026-03-28_11-29-29-320x202.jpg 320w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026-03-28_11-29-29-700x441.jpg 700w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></a></li></ul></div><div class="recent-posts-content"><span class="vcard" style="display: none;"><span class="fn"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/author/admin/" rel="author"></a></span></span><span class="updated" style="display:none;">2026-03-28T11:32:54+01:00</span><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2026/03/28/scientists-compared-ai-to-real-therapists-the-results-are-wild/">Scientists Compared AI to Real Therapists. The Results Are Wild.</a></h4></div></article><article class="post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-zoomin"><ul class="slides"><li><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2025/12/14/the-limitless-lie-why-smart-drugs-are-a-scam/" aria-label="The &#8220;Limitless&#8221; Lie: Why Smart Drugs Are a Scam" class="hover-type-zoomin"><img decoding="async" width="700" height="441" src="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2025-12-14_11-17-28-700x441.jpg" class="attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts" alt="Adderall adhd doping" srcset="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2025-12-14_11-17-28-320x202.jpg 320w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2025-12-14_11-17-28-700x441.jpg 700w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></a></li></ul></div><div class="recent-posts-content"><span class="vcard" style="display: none;"><span class="fn"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/author/admin/" rel="author"></a></span></span><span class="updated" style="display:none;">2025-12-14T11:30:20+01:00</span><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2025/12/14/the-limitless-lie-why-smart-drugs-are-a-scam/">The &#8220;Limitless&#8221; Lie: Why Smart Drugs Are a Scam</a></h4></div></article><article class="post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-zoomin"><ul class="slides"><li><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2025/11/23/the-watching-eyes-effect-83-3-compliance/" aria-label="The Watching Eyes Effect: 83.3% Compliance." class="hover-type-zoomin"><img decoding="async" width="700" height="441" src="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-11-23_14-17-41-700x441.jpg" class="attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts" alt="Watching eyes effect" srcset="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-11-23_14-17-41-320x202.jpg 320w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-11-23_14-17-41-700x441.jpg 700w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></a></li></ul></div><div class="recent-posts-content"><span class="vcard" style="display: none;"><span class="fn"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/author/admin/" rel="author"></a></span></span><span class="updated" style="display:none;">2025-11-23T14:23:03+01:00</span><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2025/11/23/the-watching-eyes-effect-83-3-compliance/">The Watching Eyes Effect: 83.3% Compliance.</a></h4></div></article></section></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div></div></div>
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		<title>Ist Schönheit immer von Vorteil?</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/03/06/ist-schoenheit-immer-von-vorteil/</link>
					<comments>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/03/06/ist-schoenheit-immer-von-vorteil/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 06 Mar 2016 20:03:28 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Attraktivität]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bewerbung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eifersucht]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gehirn]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychologie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Schönheit]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sozialpsychologie]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.learningpsychology.net/?p=12373</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[In fast allen Lebensbereichen werden Menschen mit gutem Aussehen bevorzugt behandelt.  In dieser Episode werfen wir einen Blick auf die (äußerst seltenen) Fälle, in denen attraktive Menschen benachteiligt werden. Keywords:  Attraktivität - Schönheit - Sozialpsychologie - Halo Effekt - Psychologie - Gehirn - Bewerbungsgespräch - Bewerbung - Eifersucht  Johnson, S.K., Podratz, K.E,  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-5 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-19 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-13"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ceHoyoCapoY" width="766" height="431" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:766px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-20 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-14"><p>In fast allen Lebensbereichen werden Menschen mit gutem Aussehen bevorzugt behandelt.  In dieser Episode werfen wir einen Blick auf die (äußerst seltenen) Fälle, in denen attraktive Menschen benachteiligt werden.</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Keywords: </strong> Attraktivität &#8211; Schönheit &#8211; Sozialpsychologie &#8211; Halo Effekt &#8211; Psychologie &#8211; Gehirn &#8211; Bewerbungsgespräch &#8211; Bewerbung &#8211; Eifersucht<strong><br />
</strong></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-21 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:10px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-15"><p>Johnson, S.K., Podratz, K.E, Dipboye, R.L., Gibbons, E. (2010). Physical Attractiveness Biases in Ratings of Employment Suitability: Tracking Down the ‘Beauty is Beastly’ Effect. The Journal of Social Psychology. 150 (3): 301 DOI: 10.1080/00224540903365414</p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen sollten anhand von Portrait-Fotos beurteilen, für wie geeignet die Personen für unterschiedliche Jobs seien.</p>
<p>&#8211; &#8220;what is beautiful is good&#8221;- Stereotyp wurde weitgehend bestätigt</p>
<p>&#8211; Ausnahme: Bei männerdominierten Jobs (Bauleiter, Gefängniswärter, Abschleppfahrzeug-Fahrer), in denen das Aussehen keine Rolle spielt, wurden attraktive Frauen als weniger geeignet angesehen</p>
<p>&#8211; Bei Männern gab es diesen Effekt nicht</p>
<div align="left">
<hr size="1" />
</div>
<p><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Agthe M, Spörrle M, &amp; Maner JK (2011). Does being attractive always help? Positive and negative effects of attractiveness on social decision making. Personality &amp; Social Psychology Bulletin, 37 (8), 1042-54 PMID: 21636731</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal"><strong>3 Experimente (insgesamt 777 Versuchspersonen):</strong></span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="color: ;">1.) Versuchspersonen sollten anhand von Bewerbungsunterlagen (+Passfoto) die Eignung eines/einer Job-Aspiranten/-in beurteilen. Zudem: Inwieweit wären Sie an sozialen Interaktionen mit dieser Person interessiert?<br />
Ergebnisse:<br />
&#8211; Sehr attraktive Vertreter des anderen Geschlechts wurden deutlich bevorzugt.<br />
&#8211; Aber: attraktive Vertreter des eigenen Geschlechts wurden benachteiligt!</span></p>
<p align="left">2.) Versuchspersonen sahen fünf minütiges Interview mit einem/einer Universitätsbewerber/-in. Darauf sollten sie angeben, ob sie empfehlen würden, die Bewerberin/ den Bewerber für die Uni zuzulassen. Zudem: Inwieweit wären Sie an sozialen Interaktionen mit dieser Person interessiert?<br />
Ergebnisse:<br />
&#8211; Sehr attraktive Vertreter des anderen Geschlechts wurden deutlich bevorzugt.<br />
&#8211; Aber: attraktive Vertreter des eigenen Geschlechts wurden benachteiligt!</p>
<p align="left">3.) Versuchspersonen erhielten Infos bzgl. Berufserfolg + Passfoto. Anhand der Informationen sollten die Probanden einschätzen, inwieweit der Karriereerfolg der Bewerberin/ des Bewerbers auf seine/ihre a) Fähigkeiten, b) Intelligenz c) Talent d) Fertigkeiten zurückzuführen sei.<br />
Zudem wurde das <strong>Selbstwertgefühl</strong> der Probanden erfasst.<br />
Ergebnisse:<br />
&#8211; Sehr attraktive Vertreter des anderen Geschlechts wurden deutlich positiver bewertet.<br />
&#8211; Der &#8220;negative bias&#8221; gegenüber schönen Vertretern des eigenen Geschlechts erreichte nicht das Signifikanzniveau.<br />
Aber: Versuchspersonen mit niedrigem Selbstwertgefühl bewerteten sehr attraktive Vetreter des eigenen Geschlechts deutlich schlechter.</p>
<hr size="1" />
<p align="left"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Maner, J. K., Miller, S. L., Rouby, D. A., &amp; Gailliot, M. T. (2009). Intrasexual vigilance: The implicit cognition of romantic rivalry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 74-87.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal"><strong>4 Priming-Experimente (insgesamt 576 Versuchspersonen):</strong></span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">1.) Chronisch eifersüchtige Probanden widmeten attraktiven Vertretern des eigenen Geschlechts mehr Aufmerksamkeit.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">2.) Beim Memory-Spielen wurden die potentiellen Rivalen am leichtesten gemerkt.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal"><span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">3.) und 4.) Chronisch eifersüchtige Probanden zeigten implizite negative Einstellungen gegenüber attraktiven Rivalen.</span></span></span></span></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-22 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-has-icon fusion-full-width-sep" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:22px;margin-bottom:0px;width:100%;"><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div><span class="icon-wrapper" style="border-color:#3e3e3e;background-color:#dd9933;font-size:14px;width: 1.75em; height: 1.75em;border-width:1px;padding:1px;"><i class=" fa fa-book" style="font-size: inherit;color:#3e3e3e;" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-23 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:#dd9933;--awb-border-top:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-16"><p><strong>Literatur</strong></p>
<p>Agthe M, Spörrle M, &amp; Maner JK (2011). Does being attractive always help? Positive and negative effects of attractiveness on social decision making. Personality &amp; Social Psychology Bulletin, 37 (8), 1042-54 PMID: 21636731</p>
<p>Agthe,  M.,  Spörrle,  M.,  &amp;  Maner,  J.  K.  (2010).  Don’t  hate  me  because  I’m  beautiful:  Anti-attractiveness  bias  in  organizational evaluation and decision making. Journal of Experimental  Social Psychology, 46, 1151-1154.</p>
<p>Agthe, M., Spörrle, M., Frey, D., Walper, S. &amp; Maner, J. K. (2013). When romance and rivalry awaken. Attractiveness-based social judgment biases emerge at adolescence. Human Nature, 24(2), 182-195.</p>
<p>Asch. S. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 41, 258-290.  Ballew, C. C., &amp; Todorov, A. (2007). Predicting political elections from rapid and unreflective face judgments.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 17948–17953.</p>
<p>Benson, P. L., Karabenic, S. A., &amp; Lerner, R. M. (1976). Pretty pleases: The effects of physical attractiveness, race, and sex on receiving help. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 409-415.</p>
<p>Berggren, Niclas, Henrik Jordahl, and Panu Poutvaara. 2010. “The Looks of a Winner: Beauty and Electoral Success.” Journal of Public Economics94(1–2): 8–15.</p>
<p>Budesheim, T. L., &amp; DePaola, S. J. (1994). Beauty or the beast? The effects of appearance, personality, and issue information on evaluations of political candidates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 339-348.</p>
<p>Braun, S., Peus, C. &amp; Frey, D. (2012). Is Beauty Beastly? Gender-Specific Effects of Leader Attractiveness and Leadership Style on Followers’ Trust and Loyality. Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology, 220(2), 98-108.</p>
<p>Carpinella, C.M., &amp; Johnson, K.L., Appearance-basedpolitics: Sex-typed facial cues communicatepolitical party affiliation, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology(2012),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.009</p>
<p>Castellow, W. A., Wuensch, K. L., &amp; Moore, C. H. (1990). Effects of physical attractiveness of the plaintiff and defendant in sexual harassment judgments. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 547-562.</p>
<p>Chaiken, S. (1979). Communicator physical attractiveness and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 547-562.</p>
<p>Dermer, M.; Thiel, D.L (1975). &#8220;When beauty may fail&#8221;. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31 (6): 1168–1176.</p>
<p>DeSantis, A., and W.A. Kayson (1997). &#8220;Defendants&#8217;Characteristics of Attractiveness, Race, and Sex and Sentencing Decisions,&#8221; Psychological Reports, 81 (2), 679- 683.</p>
<p>DeWall, C.N., Maner, J.K. DeWall, C.N., &amp; Maner, J.K. (2008) High status men (but not women) capture the eye of the beholder. Evolutionary Psychology, 6, 328-341.  Dion, Karen; Ellen Berscheid, Elaine Walster. &#8220;What Is Beautiful is Good&#8221;. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3 (24): 285–290.</p>
<p>Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., &amp; Longo, L. C. (1991). What is beautiful is good but . . .: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 109-128.</p>
<p>Efran, M. G. &#8220;The Effect of Physical Appearance on the Judgment of Guilt, Interpersonal Attraction, and Severity of Recommended Punishment in Simulated Jury Task&#8221;. Journal of Research in Personality 8: 45–54.</p>
<p>Elovitz GP, Salvia J. Attractiveness as a biasing factor in the judgments of school psychologists. Journal of School Psychology. 1982;20:339–345.  Feingold, A. (1992). Good-looking people are not what we think.Psychological Bulletin, 111, 304–341.</p>
<p>Försterling, F., Preikschas, S., &amp; Agthe, M. (2007). Ability, luck, and looks: An evolutionary look at achievement ascriptions and  the sexual attribution bias. Journal of Personality and Social  Psychology, 92, 775-788.</p>
<p>Hammermesh, D., &amp; Biddle, J. E. (1994). Beauty and the labor market. The American Economic Review, 84, 1174-1194.</p>
<p>Hosoda, M., Stone-Romero, E. F., &amp; Coats, G. (2003). The effect of physical attractiveness on job-related outcomes: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Personnel Psychology, 56, 431-462.</p>
<p>Johnson, S.K., Podratz, K.E, Dipboye, R.L., Gibbons, E. (2010). Physical Attractiveness Biases in Ratings of Employment Suitability: Tracking Down the ‘Beauty is Beastly’ Effect. The Journal of Social Psychology. 150 (3): 301 DOI: 10.1080/00224540903365414</p>
<p>Judge, T.A., Hurst, C., &amp; Simon, L. (2009). Does it pay to be smart, attractive, or confident (or all three)?: Relationships among general mental ability, physical attractiveness, core self-evaluations, and income. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 742-755.</p>
<p>Kaplan, Robert M. (1978). &#8220;Is Beauty Talent? Sex Interaction in the Attractiveness Halo Effect&#8221;. Sex Roles 4 (2): 195–204.  Klein, Markus, and Ulrich Rosar. 2005. “Physische Attraktivit¨ Und Wahlerfolg. Eine Empirische Analyse Am Beispiel Der Wahlkreiskandidaten Bei Der Bundestagswahl 2002.”Politische Vierteljahresschrift 46(2): 263–87.</p>
<p>Kulka, R. A., &amp; Kessler, J. R. (1978). Is justice really blind? The effect of litigant physical attractiveness on judicial judgment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 336-381.</p>
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<p>Landy, D.; Sigall, H. &#8220;Task Evaluation as a Function of the Performers&#8217; Physical Attractiveness&#8221;. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 29 (3): 299–304.</p>
<p>Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., &amp; Smoot, M. (2000). Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 126,390 – 423.</p>
<p>Lawson, C., Lenz, G. S., Baker, A., &amp; Myers, M. (2010). Looking like a winner: Candidate appearance and electoral success in new democracies.World Politics, 62, 561–593.</p>
<p>Lemay, E. P., Jr., Clark, M. S., &amp; Greenberg, A. (2010). What is beautiful is good because what is beautiful is desired: Physical attractiveness stereotyping as projection of interpersonal goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 339-353.</p>
<p>Lenz, Gabriel S. and Chappell Lawson. 2011. “Looking the Part: Television Leads Less Informed Citizens to Vote Based on Candidates’ Appearance.” American Journal of Political Science 55(3):574–589.</p>
<p>McKinstry BH, Cameron HS, Elton RA, Riley SC. Leniency and halo effects in marking undergraduate short research projects. BMC Med Educ. 2004;4(1):28. doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-4-28.</p>
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<p>Maner, J. K., Gailliot, M. T., Rouby, D. A., &amp; Miller, S. L. (2007).  Can’t  take  my  eyes  off  you:  Attentional  adhesion  to  mates  and rivals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93,  389-401.</p>
<p>Maner, J. K., Miller, S. L., Rouby, D. A., &amp; Gailliot, M. T. (2009).  Intrasexual vigilance: The implicit cognition of romantic rivalry.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 74-87.</p>
<p>Moore, F. R.; Filippou, D., Perrett, D. (2011). &#8220;Intelligence and Attractiveness in the Face: Beyond the Attractiveness Halo Effect&#8221;. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology 9 (3): 205–217.</p>
<p>Myers, D.G. (2008). Psychologie. Berlin: Springer.  Olivola, C. Y., &amp; Todorov, A. (2010). Fooled byfirst impressions? Reexamining the diagnostic value of appearance-based inferences.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 315–324.</p>
<p>Ostrove, Nancy; Sigall, Harold (1975). &#8220;Beautiful but Dangerous: Effects of Offender Attractiveness an Nature of the Crime on Juridic Judgment&#8221;. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31 (3): 410–414.</p>
<p>Parks, F. R., &amp; Kennedy, J. H. (2007). The impact of race, physical attractiveness, and gender on education majors’ and teachers’ perceptions of student competence. Journal of Black Studies, 37, 936-943.</p>
<p>Patry MW (2008). Attractive but guilty: deliberation and the physical attractiveness bias. Psychol Rep 102 (3): 727-33.</p>
<p>Persico, N., Postlewaite, A., and Silverman, D. 2004. ‘The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height’, Journal of Political Economy, 112: 1019– 1053.</p>
<p>Ritts, V., Patterson, M. L., &amp; Tubbs, M. E. (1992). Expectations, impressions, and judgments of physically attractive students: A review. Review of Educational Research, 62, 413-426.</p>
<p>Rule, N. O., Ambady, N., Adams, R. B., Jr., Ozono, H., Nakashima, S., Yoshikawa, S., et al. (2010). Polling the face: Prediction and consensus across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98,1–15.</p>
<p>Schmitt, M. (1992). Schönheit und Talent: Untersuchungen zum Verschwinden des Halo-Effekts. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 39, 475-492.</p>
<p>Shannon, M. L. &amp; Stark, C. P. (2003). The influence of physical appearance on personnel selection. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 613-624.</p>
<p>Stewart, J. E. II. (1980). Defendant&#8217;s attractiveness as a factor in the outcome of trials. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10, 348-361.  Th orndike, E.L. (1920) A constant error in psychological rating. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4, 25–29.</p>
<p>Todorov, A., Mandisodza, A., Goren, A., &amp; Hall, C. (2005). Inferences of competence from faces predict election outcomes.Science, 308, 1623–1626.</p>
<p>Wade, T., &amp; DiMaria, C. (2003). Weight halo effects: Individual differences in perceived life success as a function of women&#8217;s race and weight. Sex Roles, 48(9-10), 461-465. doi:10.1023/A:1023582629538</p>
<p>Wuensch, K. L., Chia, R. C., Castellow, W. A., Chuang, C.-J., &amp; Cheng, B.-S. (1993). Effects of physical attractiveness, sex, and type of crime on mock juror decisions: A replication with Chinese students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 414-427.</p>
<p>Wuensch, K. L., Castellow , W . A., &amp; Moore, C. H. (1991). Effects of defendant attractiveness and type of crime on juridic judgment . The Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 6 , 713-724.</p>
<p>Zebrowitz, L.A., Hall, J.A., Murphy, N.A., &amp; Rhodes, G. (2002) Looking smart and looking good: Facial cues to intelligence and their origins. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 238-249.</p>
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		<title>Gedanken lesen leicht gemacht &#8211; Wie frei sind unsere Entscheidungen?</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/03/05/gedanken-lesen-leicht-gemacht-wie-frei-sind-unsere-entscheidungen/</link>
					<comments>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/03/05/gedanken-lesen-leicht-gemacht-wie-frei-sind-unsere-entscheidungen/#respond</comments>
		
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		<pubDate>Sat, 05 Mar 2016 17:11:58 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Entscheidungen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gedanken lesen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gehirn]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Priming]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychologie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Überzeugen]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Wie frei sind unsere Entscheidungen? Manchmal können schon kleinste, subtile oder sogar subliminale Signale unsere Entscheidungen beeinflussen. Zudem lässt sich häufig auch eine Tendenz zur Mitte beobachten (Center-Stage-Effekt)... Keywords: Psychologie - Gedankenlesen - Beeinflussung - Manipulation - subliminal - ESP  Besprochene Studien: Naylor, James C. (1962). Deceptive packaging: Are the deceivers being  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-6 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-26 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-17"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Cb4LYVI26-A" width="760" height="428" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:760px; height:428px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:10px;width:100%;"></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-27 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-inner-bg-wrapper" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-inner-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-inner-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-inner-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:#dd9933;--awb-border-top:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;"><span class="fusion-column-inner-bg hover-type-zoomin"><span class="fusion-column-anchor"><span class="fusion-column-inner-bg-image"></span></span></span><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-18"><p>Wie frei sind unsere <strong>Entscheidungen</strong>? Manchmal können schon kleinste, subtile oder sogar <strong>subliminale</strong> Signale unsere Entscheidungen beeinflussen.<br />
Zudem lässt sich häufig auch eine Tendenz zur Mitte beobachten (<strong>Center-Stage-Effekt</strong>)&#8230;</p>
<hr />
<p><strong><em>Keywords:</em> </strong>Psychologie &#8211; Gedankenlesen &#8211; Beeinflussung &#8211; Manipulation &#8211; subliminal &#8211; ESP<strong><br />
</strong></p>
<hr />
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-28 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-inner-bg-wrapper" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-inner-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-inner-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-inner-bg-size:cover;"><span class="fusion-column-inner-bg hover-type-zoomin"><span class="fusion-column-anchor"><span class="fusion-column-inner-bg-image"></span></span></span><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-19"><p><strong><u><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype;">Besprochene Studien:</span></u></strong></p>
<p><strong>Naylor, James C. (1962). Deceptive packaging: Are the deceivers being deceived? Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 46(6), Dec 1962, 393-398. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0047164">http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0047164</a></strong></p>
<p>&#8211; 144 Versuchspersonen</p>
<p>&#8211; Die Probanden sollten unterschiedliche Chips-Sorten testen. (Der einzige Unterschied war jedoch das Gewicht der Chips-Tüten)</p>
<p>a) 198g</p>
<p>b) 227g</p>
<p>c) 255g</p>
<p><img decoding="async" title="Chips_Naylor" src="http://www.psychologiederschule.de/images/Chips_Naylor.jpg" alt="Chips_Naylor" border="0" /></p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Paul Rodway, Astrid Schepman, Jordana Lambert. Preferring the One in the Middle: Further Evidence for the Centre-stage Effect. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2011; DOI: 10.1002/acp.1812</strong></p>
<p>&#8211; 100 Versuchspersonen</p>
<p>&#8211; Verwendete Objekte: Schmetterlinge, Blumen, Pilze, Bäume&#8230;</p>
<p>&#8211; Die Anordnung der Objekte war ausbalanciert&#8230;</p>
<p><img decoding="async" title="Center-stage_effect" src="http://www.psychologiederschule.de/images/Center-stage_effect.jpg" alt="Center-stage_effect" border="0" /></p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Christenfeld, N. (1995). Choices from identical options. Psychological Science, 6, 50–55.</strong></p>
<p>Experiment 1: Supermarkt</p>
<p>&#8211; Beliebte Artikel sind in mehreren Reihen zu finden&#8230;</p>
<p><img decoding="async" title="Christenfeld" src="http://www.psychologiederschule.de/images/Christenfeld1.jpg" alt="Christenfeld" border="0" /></p>
<p>Experiment 2: Auswahl von Toilettenkabinen</p>
<p>&#8211; A war am nächsten zur Tür&#8230;</p>
<p><img decoding="async" title="" src="http://www.psychologiederschule.de/images/Christenfeld2.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></p>
<p>=&gt; wer nen Hygiene-Fimmel hat sollte die mittleren Kabinen vermeiden&#8230;</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Berger, Jonah, and Grainne Fitzsimons. 2008. Dogs on the Street, Pumas on Your Feet: How Cues in the Environment Influence Product Evaluation and Choice. Journal of Marketing  Research 45 (February):1-14.</strong></p>
<p><em>Feld-Experiment 1:</em></p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 144 Passanten<br />
&#8211; &#8220;Bitte nenne fünf Dinge aus der Kategorie Süßigkeit/Schokolade und fünf Dinge aus der Kategorie Limonade&#8221;<br />
&#8211; zwei Befragungszeitpunkte:<br />
a) ein Tag vor Halloween (Samstagabend)<br />
b) eine Woche später (Samstagabend)</p>
<p>Ergebnisse:<br />
Einen Tag vor Halloween wurden häufiger orangene Produkte genannt.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" title="Berger_Halloween_orange_priming" src="http://www.psychologiederschule.de/images/Berger_Halloween_orange_priming.jpg" alt="Berger_Halloween_orange_priming" border="0" /></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-29 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-inner-bg-wrapper" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-inner-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-inner-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-inner-bg-size:cover;"><span class="fusion-column-inner-bg hover-type-zoomin"><span class="fusion-column-anchor"><span class="fusion-column-inner-bg-image"></span></span></span><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-20"><p><strong> Literatur: </strong></p>
<p>Kruglanski, A. W., Chun, W. Y., Sleeth‐Keppler, D., &amp; Friedman, R. S.(2005). On the psychology of quasi‐rational decisions: The multifinalityprinciple in choice without awareness. Advances in Consumer Research,32, 331–332.</p>
<p>Kühberger, A., Kogler, C., Hug, A., &amp; Mösl, E. (2006). The role of the position effect in theory and simulation. Mind &amp; Language, 21, 610–625.</p>
<p>Raghubir, P., &amp; Valenzuela, A. (2006). Center‐of‐inattention: Position biases in decision‐making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 99, 66–80.</p>
<p>Shaw, J. I., Bergen, J. E., Brown, C. A., &amp; Gallagher, M. E. (2000). Centralitypreferences in choices among similar options. The Journal of GeneralPsychology, 127, 157–164.</p>
<p>Valenzuela, A., &amp; Raghubir P. (2009). Position‐based beliefs: The centerstageeffect. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19, 185–196.</p>
<p>van der Lans, Ralf, Rik Pieters, and Michel Wedel (2008),“Competitive Brand Salience,”Marketing Science, 27(September), 922–31.</p>
<p>Wilson, D., &amp; Nisbett, R. E. (1978). The accuracy of verbal reports aboutthe effects of stimuli on evaluations and behavior. Social Psychology,41, 118–131.</p>
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		<title>Kann uns Musik hilfsbereiter machen und beim Flirten helfen?</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/03/01/kann-uns-musik-hilfsbereiter-machen-und-beim-flirten-helfen/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Mar 2016 20:35:13 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Flirten]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gehirn]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hilfsbereitschaft]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Musik]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Musikwissenschaft]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pick up]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychologie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sozialpsychologie]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.learningpsychology.net/?p=12067</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Musik kann nicht nur dazu benutzt werden, unser Konsumverhalten zu beeinflussen. Zum Glück hat Musik noch eine weitere - weitaus wertvollere - Wirkung: Musik kann Menschen zusammenführen. Sei es, indem sie Menschen hilfsbereiter macht (z.B. Fried &amp; Berkowitz, 1979) oder empfänglicher für romantische Annäherungsversuche (Jacob,  Guéguen &amp; Boulbry, 2010). Aber welche Musik ist  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-7 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-30 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-21"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nMbj1H5hFTs" width="760" height="428" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:760px; height:428px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:10px;width:100%;"></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-22"><p>Musik kann nicht nur dazu benutzt werden, unser Konsumverhalten zu beeinflussen. Zum Glück hat Musik noch eine weitere &#8211; weitaus wertvollere &#8211; Wirkung:</p>
<p>Musik kann Menschen zusammenführen. Sei es, indem sie Menschen hilfsbereiter macht (z.B. Fried &amp; Berkowitz, 1979) oder empfänglicher für romantische Annäherungsversuche (Jacob,  Guéguen &amp; Boulbry, 2010).</p>
<p>Aber welche Musik ist besonders effektiv? Reicht es schon aus, eine bestimmte Stimmung auszulösen oder spielt auch der Songtext (die &#8220;Message&#8221;) eine Rolle?</p>
<hr />
<p><strong><em>Keywords:</em> </strong>Psychologie &#8211; Musik &#8211; Beeinflussung &#8211; Hilfsbereitschaft &#8211; Flirten &#8211; Sozialpsychologie &#8211; romantische Musik &#8211; Trinkgeld &#8211; Kellnerin &#8211; prosoziale Musik</p>
<hr />
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><u><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype;">Besprochene Studien:<br />
</span></u></strong></span><br />
<a href="http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=4&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0CFcQFjAD&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwestallen.typepad.com%2Ffiles%2Ffried-jappsocpsych-1979.pdf&amp;ei=Io5HU6cCi5GzBrDBgIAJ&amp;usg=AFQjCNGxHE7hARu5rOJIQyO-jqxCHHoncA&amp;sig2=o-wMrgx67BRPB7Ot2PSUrA" target="_new">Fried, R., &amp; Berkowitz, L.  (1979).  Music hath charms&#8230;and can influence helpfulness.  Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 199-208.</a></p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 80 Studenten (40 Frauen, 40 Männer)<br />
&#8211; Coverstory: &#8220;Es geht um den Effekt von Musik auf die Stimmung.&#8221;<br />
&#8211; Die Probanden wurden auf 4 Versuchsbedingungen verteilt:<br />
a) wohltuend/beruhigende Musik<br />
b) stimulierende Musik<br />
c) aversive Musik<br />
d) keine Musik<br />
&#8211; Nach dem Experiment wurden Sie von der Versuchsleiterin um Unterstützung gebeten. Ihr Professor mute ihr viel zu viel Arbeit zu und sie müsse noch Versuchspersonen für ein weiteres Experiment rekrutieren. Jegliche Unterstützung zwischen 15 min. und 2 Stunden wäre sehr hilfreich&#8230;</p>
<p>Ergebnisse:</p>
<p>&#8211; Jene Probanden, die wohltuende/beruhigende Musik gehört hatten, zeigten die größte Hilfsbereitschaft.</p>
<hr />
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><strong> </strong></span></span></p>
<p><a href="http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=2&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0CEQQFjAB&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwestallen.typepad.com%2Ffiles%2Fnorth-envirbehav-2004.pdf&amp;ei=v6g9U9GTIYqTtAa0nYCwAQ&amp;usg=AFQjCNHeus1fcgdyl3b4Xsn3ogU1yHV1VQ&amp;sig2=w_mxkLgPpD3hDljD50oMdA&amp;bvm=bv.64125504,d.Yms" target="_new">North, A.C., Tarrant, M., Hargreaves, D.J., 2004. <strong>The effects of music on helping behaviour: a field study.</strong> Environment and Behavior 36, 266–275.</a></p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 646 Besucher zweier Fitnessstudios<br />
&#8211; Während ihres Aufenthalts lief im Hintergrund Musik:<br />
a) &#8220;uplifting&#8221; (Britische Top-20 -&gt; Gute Laune)<br />
b) &#8220;annoying&#8221; (Avantgarde Computer Musik -&gt; Schlechte Laune)</p>
<p>Vor Verlassen des Studios wurde ihnen ein Flyer des Britischen Verbands behinderter Sportler gegeben, in dem um Mithilfe bei der Verteilung von Flugblättern gebeten wurde. Wer helfen möchte, solle sich bitte für einen Termin eintragen und angeben wieviele Flugblätter er verteilen möchte (50, 100, 150, 200, 250).</p>
<p>Ergebnisse:<br />
&#8211; Bei Guter-Laune-Musik gab es eine deutlich höhere Bereitschaft zu helfen.</p>
<p>Kritik:<br />
&#8211; vielleicht war auch der Versuchsleiter bei unangenehmer Musik genervt.<br />
&#8211; Pygmalion Effekt?</p>
<hr />
<p><a href="http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0CC4QFjAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fnicolas.gueguen.free.fr%2FArticles%2FIJHM2010.pdf&amp;ei=T6g9U7b6EsSdtQbXhIH4Cw&amp;usg=AFQjCNGTZZC6oNXgTGBJ3buO-b82xTW_sw&amp;sig2=pokuxRT8gGE0MJljPdqXvw&amp;bvm=bv.64125504,d.Yms" target="_new"><br />
Jacob,  C.,  Guéguen,  N.,  &amp;  Boulbry,  G.  (2010).  <strong>Effects  of  songs  with  prosocial  lyrics  on  tipping  behaviour  in  a  restaurant.</strong>  International  Journal  of  Hospitality  Management,  29,  761-763.  </a></p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 786 Gäste eines Restaurants (Frankreich)<br />
&#8211; Über einen Zeitraum von 6 Wochen wurde in dem Restaurant unterschiedliche Musik gespielt:<br />
a) prosoziale Songs<br />
b) neutrale Songs<br />
c) die üblichen Songs (baseline)<br />
&#8211; Forschungsfrage: Hatte die Musik einen Effekt auf das vergebene Trinkgeld?</p>
<p>Ergebnisse:<br />
&#8211; Bei Hintergrundmusik mit prosozialen Songtexten, gaben die Gäste mehr Trinkgeld.</p>
<hr />
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><strong> </strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="color: black;"> </span><a href="http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=3&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0CEsQFjAC&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fnicolas.gueguen.free.fr%2FArticles%2FPsyMusic2010.PDF&amp;ei=_6U9U5bhLsattAaP2YCIAQ&amp;usg=AFQjCNGeijqmww-LhGDZiW7HQHh32jueTQ&amp;sig2=dy39ujcTZefgcZoxrI8SRQ&amp;bvm=bv.64125504,d.Yms" target="_new">Gueguen., N., Jacob, C., &amp; Lamy, L. (2010). <strong>‘‘Love is in the air’’: Effects of songs with romantic lyrics on compliance to a courtship request</strong>. Psychology of Music, 38, 303–307.</a></p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 87 Studentinnen (Durchschnittsalter: 18,7 Jahre; Beziehungsstatus: Single)<br />
&#8211; Während der Wartezeit vor dem Experiment hörten die Studentinnen eins von zwei unterschiedlichen Musikstücken<br />
a) Romantischer Song (&#8220;Je l’aime à mourir&#8221;)<br />
b) Neutraler Song (&#8220;L’heure du thé&#8221;)<br />
Während einer vermeintlichen Pause des Experiments wurde die Probandin von einem männlichen Versuchsteilnehmer (Verbündeter des Versuchsleiters) um ihre Telefonnummer gebeten.<br />
&#8211; Wichtig: &#8220;The confederate was unaware of the aim of the study&#8221;</p>
<p>Ergebnisse:<br />
&#8211; Nach romantischer Musik, waren die Probandinnen im Durchschnitt bereitwilliger ihre Telefonnummer weiterzugeben.</p>
<hr />
<p><strong><br />
Literatur: </strong></p>
<p>Adenskaya, L. (2011). Can Perfume Increase The Response Rate  To A Face-To-Face Survey? International Business &amp; Economics Research Journal.</p>
<p>Anderson, C. A., Carnagey, N. L., &amp; Eubanks J. (2003). Exposure to violent media: The effects of songs with violent lyrics on aggressive thoughts and feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 960-971.</p>
<p>Areni,  C.S.,  &amp;  Kim,  D.(1993)  The  influence  of  background  music  on  shopping  bahavior:   Classical versus top-forty music in a wine store.  Advances in cosumer research, 20,   336-340</p>
<p>Di Muro, F., Murray, K. B., 2012. An Arousal Regulation Explanation of Mood Effects on Consumer Choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 39 (October), 574-84.</p>
<p>Fried, R., &amp; Berkowitz, L.  (1979).  Music hath charms&#8230;and can influence helpfulness.  Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 199-208.</p>
<p>Guéguen N, Le Guellec H, Jacob C. (2004). Sound level of background music and alcohol consumption: an empirical evaluation. Percept Mot Skills. 2004 Aug;99(1):34-8.</p>
<p>Gueguen., N., Jacob, C., &amp; Lamy, L. (2010). ‘‘Love is in the air’’: Effects of songs with romantic lyrics on compliance to a courtship request.Psychology of Music, 38, 303–307.</p>
<p>Gorn,G.J. (1982).The  effects  of  music  in  advertising on  choice  behavior:  A  classical   conditioning approach. Journal of Marketing, 46, 94-101.</p>
<p>Greitemeyer,  T.  (2009).  Effects  of  songs  with  prosocial  lyrics  on  prosocial  thoughts,  affect,  and  behaviour.  Journal  of  Experimental  Social  Psychology,  45,  186-190.  doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.003</p>
<p>Greitemeyer,  T.  (2009b).  Effects  of  songs  with  prosocial  lyrics on prosocial behaviour: Further evidence and a  mediating mechanism. Personality and Social Psychology  Bulletin,  35(11),  1500-1511.  doi:10.1177/0146167209341648</p>
<p>Greitemeyer, T. (2011). Exposure to music with prosocial lyrics reduces aggression: First evidence and test of the underlying mechanism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 28-36.</p>
<p>Greitemeyer, T., &amp; Schwab, A. (in press). Employing music exposure to reduce prejudice and discrimination. Aggressive Behavior.</p>
<p>Jacob, C. (2006) Styles of background music and consumption in a bar: An empirical evaluation. International Journal of Hospitality Management 25:4, 716-720</p>
<p>Jacob,  C.,  Guégen,  N.,  &amp;  Boulbry,  G.  (2010).  Effects  of  songs  with  prosocial  lyrics  on  tipping  behaviour  in  a  restaurant.  International  Journal  of  Hospitality  Management,  29,  761-763. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.02.004</p>
<p>Jacob, C., Guéguen, N., Boulbry, G., Selmi, S., 2009. Love is in the air: congruency between background music and goods in a flower shop. International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research 19, 75–79.</p>
<p>Le Guellec, H., Guéguen, N., Jacob, C., Pascual, A., 2007. Cartoon music in a candy store: a field experiment. Psychological Reports 100, 1255–1258.</p>
<p>North A. C. The effect of background music on the taste of wine. British Journal of Psychology. 2012;103:293–301. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02072.x.</p>
<p>North  A.  (1996).  Response  to  Music  in  a  Dining  Area.  Journal  of  Applied  social   Psychology, 26</p>
<p>McElrea, H., &amp; Standing, F. (1992). Fast music causes fast drinking. Perceptual &amp; Motor  Skills, 75, 362.</p>
<p>North A.  &amp;  D.J. Hargreaves  (1998).  The  effect  of  music  in  Atmosphere  and  purchase   Intention in a Cafeteria. Journal of Applied social Psychology, 28.</p>
<p>North  A.  (1997).  Liking,  Arousal  Potential  and  the  emotions  expressed  by  Music.  Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 38</p>
<p>North, A.C., Hargreaves, D.J., and McKendrick, J. (1999). The effect of music on in-store wine selections. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 271-276.</p>
<p>North A. (2006). Effect of Time and Timbre of background music. Journal of Applied  social  Psychology, 20</p>
<p>North  A.  (2004).  The  Effect  of  music  and  Voice  Fit  on  responses  to  advertisement.  Journal of Applied social Psychology, 34.</p>
<p>North,  A.C.,  Shilcock,  A.,  and  Hargreaves,  D.J.  (2003).  The  effect  of  musical  style  on  restaurant  customers’  spending. Environment and Behavior, 35(5), 712-718.</p>
<p>North, A.C., Tarrant, M., Hargreaves, D.J., 2004. The effects of music on helping behaviour: a field study. Environment and Behavior 36, 266–275.</p>
<p>Roballey, T.C.  (1985).  The effect of music on eating behavior. Bulletin of The Psychonomic Society, 23, 221-222.</p>
<p>Wilson, S. (2003). The effect of music on perceivedatmosphere and purchase intentions in a restaurant. Psychology  of Music, 31, 93-109.</p>
<p><span style="color: #ffffff;"> </span></p>
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		<title>Gedanken lesen für Einsteiger &#8211; An welche Zahl denkst du gerade?</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/03/01/gedanken-lesen-fuer-einsteiger-an-welche-zahl-denkst-du-gerade-3/</link>
					<comments>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/03/01/gedanken-lesen-fuer-einsteiger-an-welche-zahl-denkst-du-gerade-3/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Mar 2016 09:55:40 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gedanken lesen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gedankenlesen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulationstechniken]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychologie]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Gedankenleser wie Derren Brown, Jan Becker oder Thorsten Havener können nicht wirklich Gedanken lesen. Ihre Tricks basieren in erster Linie auf Zaubertricks, mit welchen sie die Probanden in die Irre leiten. Zum anderen haben sie aber auch ein gutes Verständnis von der Funktionsweise des menschlichen Gehirns. Unter bestimmten Umständen lässt sich nämlich -  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-8 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-31 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-23"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JQTtMNb__9g" width="760" height="428" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:760px; height:428px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:10px;width:100%;"></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-24"><p>Gedankenleser wie Derren Brown, Jan Becker oder Thorsten Havener können nicht wirklich Gedanken lesen.</p>
<p>Ihre Tricks basieren in erster Linie auf Zaubertricks, mit welchen sie die Probanden in die Irre leiten. Zum anderen haben sie aber auch ein gutes Verständnis von der Funktionsweise des menschlichen Gehirns.</p>
<p>Unter bestimmten Umständen lässt sich nämlich &#8211; mit gewisser Wahrscheinlichkeit &#8211; vorhersagen, was eine Person als nächstes Denken wird&#8230;</p>
<hr />
<p>Keywords: Subliminale Beeinflussung &#8211; Gedanken lesen &#8211; Priming &#8211; Zahlen &#8211; Derren Brown</p>
<hr />
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><u><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype;">Besprochene Studien:</span></u></strong></span></p>
<p>Kubovy, M. (1977). Response availability and the apparent spontaneity of numerical choices.  Journal of Experimental  Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 3: 359 &#8211; 364.</p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 306 Studenten</p>
<p>a) &#8220;Write down the first number between 1000 and 9999 that comes to mind!&#8221;</p>
<p>b) &#8220;Write down the first four-digit number that comes to mind!&#8221;</p>
<p><img decoding="async" title="Kubovy_gedanken lesen" src="http://www.psychologiederschule.de/images/Kubovy.jpg" alt="Kubovy_gedanken lesen" border="0" /></p>
<hr />
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Literatur:  </strong></p>
<p>Brugger P, Regard M (1998) Modern number magic: choosing one&#8217;s wedding date. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 87, 1081-1082.</p>
<p>Brugger P, Loetscher T, Graves RE, Knoch D: Semantic, perceptual, and number space: relations between category width and spatial processing, Neuroscience Letters; 2007, 418(2): 133-137</p>
<p>Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Cohen, L., Le Bihan, D., Mangin,J.-F., Poline, J.-B., et al. (2001). Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 752–758.</p>
<p>Dehaene, S., &amp; Naccache, L. (2001). Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: Basic evidence and a workspace framework. Cognition, 79, 1–37.</p>
<p>Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Le Clec’H, G., Koechlin, E., Mueller,M., Dehaene-Lambertz, G., et al. (1998). Imaging unconscious semantic priming. Nature, 395, 597–600.</p>
<p>Grimmer, M. R., &amp; White, K. D. (1986). Psychics and ESP: The role of population stereotypes. Australian Psychologist, 21, 405-411.</p>
<p>Hill,  T.  (1988)  Random-number  guessing  and  the  first  digit  phenomenon.  Psychological  Reports  62,  967-71</p>
<p>Kouider S, Dehaene S. (2009). Subliminal number priming within and across the visual and auditory modalities. Exp Psychol. 2009;56(6):418-33. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169.56.6.418.</p>
<p>Loetscher T, Bockisch CJ, Nicholls MER, Brugger P: Eye position predicts what number you have in mind, Current Biology; 2010, 20(6): R264-265.</p>
<p>Loetscher T, Bockisch CJ, Brugger P: Looking for the answer: the mind’s eye in number space, Neuroscience; 2008, 151(3): 725-729</p>
<p>Reynvoet, B., M. Brysbaert, and W. Fias. 2002. Semantic priming in number naming. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A55: 1127–1139.</p>
<p>Schulz M-A, Schmalbach B, Brugger P, Witt K ( 2012) Analyzing humanly generated random number sequences: a pattern-based approach. PLoS ONE 7(7) e41531, doi:10.1371</p>
<p>Stieger, S., &amp; Krizan, Z. (2013). Cultural influences on number preferences: Christmas and grading systems. The Psychological Record, 63, 185-192.</p>
<p>Towse JN, Loetscher T, Brugger P (2014) Not all numbers are equal: preferences and biases among children and adults when generating random sequences. Frontiers in Developmental Psychology.</p>
<p>Turner NE. (2010). Lottery ticket preferences as indicated by the variation in the number of winners. J Gambl Stud. 2010 Sep;26(3):421-39. doi: 10.1007/s10899-009-9171-7.</p>
<p>Meyer, D.E. &amp; Schvaneveldt, R.W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing words: Evidence of a dependence upon retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology,90,227–234.</p>
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		<title>Der Halo-Effekt &#8211; Wenn ein Persönlichkeitsmerkmal alles überstrahlt&#8230;</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/03/01/der-halo-effekt-wenn-ein-persoenlichkeitsmerkmal-alles-ueberstrahlt/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Mar 2016 09:21:48 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Attraktivität]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aussehen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Halo Effekt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychologie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sozialpsychologie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stereotype]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Vorurteile]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.learningpsychology.net/?p=11832</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[In den 1920er Jahren entdeckte der Psychologe Edward Thorndike, dass Versuchspersonen beim Bewerten anderer Menschen sich sehr stark von einzelnen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen (z.B. Aussehen) leiten ließen. Diese Persönlichkeitsmerkmale schienen quasi die anderen Persönlichkeitsmerkmale zu überstrahlen. Er nannte dieses Phänomen daher den "Halo-Effekt". Keywords: Halo-Effekt -Thorndike - Attraktivität - Vorurteile - Leistung - Intelligenz -  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-9 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-32 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-25"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" width="760" height="428" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SI6DFpYztPs" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:760px; height:428px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:10px;width:100%;"></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-26"><p>In den 1920er Jahren entdeckte der Psychologe Edward Thorndike, dass Versuchspersonen beim Bewerten anderer Menschen sich sehr stark von einzelnen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen (z.B. Aussehen) leiten ließen.</p>
<p>Diese Persönlichkeitsmerkmale schienen quasi die anderen Persönlichkeitsmerkmale zu überstrahlen. Er nannte dieses Phänomen daher den &#8220;Halo-Effekt&#8221;.</p>
<hr />
<p>Keywords: Halo-Effekt -Thorndike &#8211; Attraktivität &#8211; Vorurteile &#8211; Leistung &#8211; Intelligenz &#8211; Ungerechtigkeit &#8211; Keywords: Halo-Effekt -Thorndike &#8211; Attraktivität &#8211; Vorurteile &#8211; Leistung &#8211; Intelligenz &#8211; Ungerechtigkeit &#8211; Bewerbungsverfahren</p>
<hr />
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Literatur:</strong></p>
<p>Agthe M, Spörrle M, &amp; Maner JK (2011). Does being attractive always help? Positive and negative effects of attractiveness on social decision making. Personality &amp; Social Psychology Bulletin, 37 (8), 1042-54 PMID: 21636731</p>
<p>Antonakis, J., &amp; Dalgas, O. (2009). Predicting elections: Child&#8217;s play! Science, 323, 1183</p>
<p>Asch. S. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 41, 258-290.  Atkinson, M. D., Enos, R. D., &amp; Hill, S. J. (2009).</p>
<p>Candidate faces and election outcomes: Is the face-vote correlation caused by candidate selection? Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 4, 229–249.</p>
<p>Badr, L. and Abdallah, B. &#8220;Physical Attractiveness of Premature Infants Affects Outcome at Discharge from NICU.&#8221; Infant Behavior and Development 24, 1, (2001):129-133.</p>
<p>Banducci, Susan A., Jeffrey A. Karp, Michael Thrasher, and Colin Rallings. 2008. “Ballot Photographs as Cues in Low-Information Elections.”Political Psychology 29(6): 903–17.</p>
<p>Ballew, C. C., &amp; Todorov, A. (2007). Predicting political elections from rapid and unreflective face judgments.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 17948–17953.</p>
<p>Benson, P. L., Karabenic, S. A., &amp; Lerner, R. M. (1976).  Pretty pleases: The effects of physical attractiveness, race, and sex on receiving help. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 409-415.</p>
<p>Berggren, Niclas, Henrik Jordahl, and Panu Poutvaara. 2010. “The Looks of a Winner: Beauty and Electoral Success.” Journal of Public Economics94(1–2): 8–15.</p>
<p>Budesheim, T. L., &amp; DePaola, S. J. (1994). Beauty or the beast?  The effects of appearance, personality, and issue information on evaluations of political candidates.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 339-348.</p>
<p>Bull, R., &amp; Hawkes, C. (1982). Judgingpoliticians by their faces.Political Studies,30,95–101.  Carpinella, C.M., &amp; Johnson, K.L., Appearance-basedpolitics: Sex-typed facial cues communicatepolitical party affiliation, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology(2012),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.009</p>
<p>Castellow, W. A., Wuensch, K. L., &amp; Moore, C. H. (1990).  Effects of physical attractiveness of the plaintiff and defendant in sexual harassment judgments.  Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 547-562.</p>
<p>Chaiken, S. (1979).  Communicator physical attractiveness and persuasion.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 547-562.</p>
<p>DeSantis, A., and W.A. Kayson (1997). &#8220;Defendants&#8217;Characteristics of Attractiveness,  Race, and Sex and Sentencing Decisions,&#8221; Psychological Reports, 81 (2), 679-  683.</p>
<p>Dion, Karen; Ellen Berscheid, Elaine Walster. &#8220;What Is Beautiful is Good&#8221;. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3 (24): 285–290.</p>
<p>Dion,K. (1972). Physical attractiveness and evaluation of children&#8217;s transgressions. Journal  of Personality and Social Psychology, 24,207-213.</p>
<p>Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., &amp; Longo, L. C. (1991). What is beautiful is good but . . .: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 109-128.</p>
<p>Efran, M. G., &amp; Patterson, E. W. J. (1976).  The politics of appearance.  Unpublished manuscript, University of Toronto.  Efran, M. G. &#8220;The Effect of Physical Appearance on the Judgment of Guilt, Interpersonal Attraction, and Severity of Recommended Punishment in Simulated Jury Task&#8221;. Journal of Research in Personality 8: 45–54.</p>
<p>Elovitz GP, Salvia J. Attractiveness as a biasing factor in the judgments of school psychologists. Journal of School Psychology. 1982;20:339–345.  Feingold, A. (1992). Good-looking people are not what we think. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 304–341.</p>
<p>Judge, T.A., Hurst, C., &amp; Simon, L. (2009). Does it pay to be smart, attractive, or  confident (or all three)?: Relationships among general mental ability, physical  attractiveness, core self-evaluations, and income. Journal of Applied Psychology,  94, 742-755.</p>
<p>Kulka, R. A., &amp; Kessler, J. R. (1978).  Is justice really blind?  The effect of litigant physical attractiveness on judicial judgment.  Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 336-381.</p>
<p>Kurtzberg, R., Safar, H. &amp; Cavior, N. (1968). Surgical and social rehabilitation of adult offenders. Proceedings of the 76th Annual Convention of The American Psychological Association.  Landy, D.; Sigall, H. &#8220;Task Evaluation as a Function of the Performers&#8217; Physical Attractiveness&#8221;. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 29 (3): 299–304.</p>
<p>Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., &amp; Smoot, M. (2000). Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 126,390 – 423.</p>
<p>Lawson, C., Lenz, G. S., Baker, A., &amp; Myers, M. (2010). Looking like a winner: Candidate appearance and electoral success in new democracies.World Politics, 62, 561–593.</p>
<p>Lemay, E. P., Jr., Clark, M. S., &amp; Greenberg, A. (2010). What is  beautiful is good because what is beautiful is desired: Physical  attractiveness stereotyping as projection of interpersonal goals.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 339-353.</p>
<p>Hammermesh, D., &amp; Biddle, J. E. (1994).  Beauty and the labor market.  The American Economic Review, 84, 1174-1194.  Hosoda, M., Stone-Romero, E. F., &amp; Coats, G. (2003).</p>
<p>The effect  of physical attractiveness on job-related outcomes: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Personnel Psychology, 56,  431-462.</p>
<p>Klein, Markus, and Ulrich Rosar. 2005. “Physische Attraktivit¨ Und Wahlerfolg. Eine Empirische Analyse Am Beispiel Der Wahlkreiskandidaten Bei Der Bundestagswahl 2002.”Politische Vierteljahresschrift 46(2): 263–87.</p>
<p>Landy, D.; Sigall, H. (1974) &#8220;Task Evaluation as a Function of the Performers&#8217; Physical Attractiveness&#8221;. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 29 (3): 299–304.</p>
<p>Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallamm, M., &amp; Smoot, M. (2000). Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review.Psychological Bulletin, 126, 390–423.</p>
<p>Lenz, Gabriel S. and Chappell Lawson. 2011. “Looking the Part: Television Leads Less Informed Citizens to Vote Based on Candidates’ Appearance.” American Journal of Political Science 55(3):574–589.</p>
<p>McKinstry BH, Cameron HS, Elton RA, Riley SC. Leniency and halo effects in marking undergraduate short research projects. BMC Med Educ. 2004;4(1):28. doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-4-28.</p>
<p>Mack, D., &amp; Rainey, D. (1990).  Female applicants&#8217; grooming and personnel selection.  Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 399-407.</p>
<p>Moore, F. R.; Filippou, D., Perrett, D. (2011). &#8220;Intelligence and Attractiveness in the Face: Beyond the Attractiveness Halo Effect&#8221;. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology 9 (3): 205–217.</p>
<p>Myers, D.G. (2008). Psychologie. Berlin: Springer.  Olivola, C. Y., &amp; Todorov, A. (2010). Fooled byfirst impressions? Reexamining the diagnostic value of appearance-based inferences.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 315–324.</p>
<p>Parks, F. R., &amp; Kennedy, J. H. (2007). The impact of race, physical  attractiveness, and gender on education majors’ and teachers’  perceptions of student competence. Journal of Black Studies,  37, 936-943.</p>
<p>Patry MW (2008). Attractive but guilty: deliberation and the physical attractiveness bias. Psychol Rep 102 (3): 727-33.</p>
<p>Persico, N., Postlewaite, A., and Silverman, D. 2004. ‘The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height’, Journal of Political Economy, 112: 1019– 1053.</p>
<p>Ritts, V., Patterson, M. L., &amp; Tubbs, M. E. (1992). Expectations, impressions, and judgments of  physically attractive students: A review. Review of  Educational Research, 62, 413-426.</p>
<p>Rule, N. O., Ambady, N., Adams, R. B., Jr., Ozono, H., Nakashima, S., Yoshikawa, S., et al. (2010). Polling the face: Prediction and consensus across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98,1–15.</p>
<p>Schmitt, M. (1992). Schönheit und Talent: Untersuchungen zum Verschwinden des Halo-Effekts. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 39, 475-492.</p>
<p>Shannon, M. L. &amp; Stark, C. P. (2003). The influence of physical appearance on personnel selection. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 613-624.</p>
<p>Stewart, J. E. II. (1980).  Defendant&#8217;s attractiveness as a factor in the outcome of trials.  Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10, 348-361.  Th orndike, E.L. (1920) A constant error in psychological rating. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4, 25–29.</p>
<p>Todorov, A., Mandisodza, A., Goren, A., &amp; Hall, C. (2005). Inferences of competence from faces predict election outcomes.Science, 308, 1623–1626.</p>
<p>Wade, T., &amp; DiMaria, C. (2003). Weight halo effects: Individual differences in perceived life success as a function of women&#8217;s race and weight. Sex Roles, 48(9-10), 461-465. doi:10.1023/A:1023582629538</p>
<p>Wuensch, K. L., Chia, R. C., Castellow, W. A., Chuang, C.-J., &amp; Cheng, B.-S. (1993). Effects of physical attractiveness, sex, and type of crime on mock juror decisions: A replication with Chinese students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 414-427.</p>
<p>Zebrowitz, L.A., Hall, J.A., Murphy, N.A., &amp; Rhodes, G. (2002) Looking smart and looking good: Facial cues to intelligence and their origins. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 238-249.</p>
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		<title>Kevins Prophezeiung &#8211; Können Kinder den Ausgang von Wahlen vorhersagen?</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/02/29/kevins-prophezeiung-koennen-kinder-den-ausgang-von-wahlen-vorhersagen/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 29 Feb 2016 20:58:15 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aussehen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gehirn]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Halo Effekt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politik]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychologie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Wahlen]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.learningpsychology.net/?p=11803</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Bei vielen Entscheidungen verlassen wir uns einfach auf unser Bauchgefühl. Manchmal sehen wir eine Person an und entscheiden innerhalb von Millisekunden, ob wir sie leiden können oder nicht. Welche Rolle spielt dieser erste Eindruck für den Ausgang von politischen Wahlen? In cleveren Experimenten konnten Forscher zeigen, dass sich auch Kinder auf den ersten  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-10 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-33 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-27"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SRXPB-isNCs" width="760" height="428" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:760px; height:428px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:8px;width:100%;"></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-28"><p>Bei vielen Entscheidungen verlassen wir uns einfach auf unser Bauchgefühl. Manchmal sehen wir eine Person an und entscheiden innerhalb von Millisekunden, ob wir sie leiden können oder nicht.</p>
<p>Welche Rolle spielt dieser erste Eindruck für den Ausgang von politischen Wahlen?</p>
<p>In cleveren Experimenten konnten Forscher zeigen, dass sich auch Kinder auf den ersten Eindruck verlassen und man ihre Urteile zur Vorhersage von Wahlergebnissen nutzen könnte&#8230;</p>
<hr />
<p>Keywords: Politik &#8211; Psychologie &#8211; Gehirn &#8211; Erster Eindruck &#8211; Ausstrahlung &#8211; Charisma &#8211; Kompetenz &#8211; Sozialpsychologie &#8211; Politische Wahlen &#8211; Halo-Effekt</p>
<hr />
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Literatur: </strong></p>
<p>Agthe M, Spörrle M, &amp; Maner JK (2011). Does being attractive always help? Positive and negative effects of attractiveness on social decision making. Personality &amp; Social Psychology Bulletin, 37 (8), 1042-54 PMID: 21636731</p>
<p>Ambady, N. &amp; Rosenthal, R. (1993). Half a minute: Predicting teacher evaluations  from thin slices of nonverbal behavior and physicalattractiveness, Journal of  Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 431–441.</p>
<p>Ambady, N., &amp; Rosenthal, R. (1992). Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin, 111, 256–274.</p>
<p>Antonakis, J., &amp; Dalgas, O. (2009). Predicting elections: Child&#8217;s play! Science, 323, 1183.</p>
<p>Asch. S. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 41, 258-290.</p>
<p>Atkinson, M. D., Enos, R. D., &amp; Hill, S. J. (2009). Candidate faces and election outcomes: Is the face-vote correlation caused by candidate selection? Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 4, 229–249.</p>
<p>Badr, L. and Abdallah, B. &#8220;Physical Attractiveness of Premature Infants Affects Outcome at Discharge from NICU.&#8221; Infant Behavior and Development 24, 1, (2001):129-133.</p>
<p>Banducci, Susan A., Jeffrey A. Karp, Michael Thrasher, and Colin Rallings. 2008. “Ballot Photographs as Cues in Low-Information Elections.”Political Psychology 29(6): 903–17.</p>
<p>Ballew, C. C., &amp; Todorov, A. (2007). Predicting political elections from rapid and unreflective face judgments.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 17948–17953.</p>
<p>Bartels, L. M. (2000). Partisanship and voting behavior, 1952–1996.American Journal of Political Science, 44, 35–50.</p>
<p>Benson, P. L., Karabenic, S. A., &amp; Lerner, R. M. (1976). Pretty pleases: The effects of physical attractiveness, race, and sex on receiving help. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 409-415.</p>
<p>Berggren, Niclas, Henrik Jordahl, and Panu Poutvaara. 2010. “The Looks of a Winner: Beauty and Electoral Success.” Journal of Public Economics 94 (1–2): 8–15.</p>
<p>Budesheim, T. L., &amp; DePaola, S. J. (1994). Beauty or the beast? The effects of appearance, personality, and issue information on evaluations of political candidates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 339-348.</p>
<p>Bull, R., &amp; Hawkes, C. (1982). Judgingpoliticians by their faces. Political Studies, 30,95–101.</p>
<p>Carpinella, C.M., &amp; Johnson, K.L., Appearance-basedpolitics: Sex-typed facial cues communicate political party affiliation, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology(2012),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.009</p>
<p>Castellow, W. A., Wuensch, K. L., &amp; Moore, C. H. (1990). Effects of physical attractiveness of the plaintiff and defendant in sexual harassment judgments. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 547-562.</p>
<p>Chaiken, S. (1979). Communicator physical attractiveness and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 547-562.</p>
<p>DeSantis, A., and W.A. Kayson (1997). &#8220;Defendants&#8217;Characteristics of Attractiveness, Race, and Sex and Sentencing Decisions,&#8221; Psychological Reports, 81 (2), 679- 683.</p>
<p>Dion, Karen; Ellen Berscheid, Elaine Walster. &#8220;What Is Beautiful is Good&#8221;. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3 (24): 285–290.</p>
<p>Dion,K. (1972). Physical attractiveness and evaluation of children&#8217;s transgressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24,207-213.</p>
<p>Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., &amp; Longo, L. C. (1991). What is beautiful is good but . . .: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 109-128.</p>
<p>Efran, M. G., &amp; Patterson, E. W. J. (1976). The politics of appearance. Unpublished manuscript, University of Toronto.</p>
<p>Efran, M. G. &#8220;The Effect of Physical Appearance on the Judgment of Guilt, Interpersonal Attraction, and Severity of Recommended Punishment in Simulated Jury Task&#8221;. Journal of Research in Personality 8: 45–54.</p>
<p>Elovitz GP, Salvia J. Attractiveness as a biasing factor in the judgments of school psychologists. Journal of School Psychology. 1982;20:339–345.</p>
<p>Feingold, A. (1992). Good-looking people are not what we think.Psychological Bulletin, 111, 304–341.</p>
<p>Gregory, S. W., Jr., &amp; Gallagher, T. J. (2002). Spectral analysis of candidates’ nonverbal vocal communication: Predicting U.S. presidential election outcomes.Social Psychology Quarterly, 65, 298–308.</p>
<p>Judge, T.A., Hurst, C., &amp; Simon, L. (2009). Does it pay to be smart, attractive, or confident (or all three)?: Relationships among general mental ability, physical attractiveness, core self-evaluations, and income. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 742-755.</p>
<p>Klein, Markus, and Ulrich Rosar. 2005. “Physische Attraktivit¨ Und Wahlerfolg. Eine Empirische Analyse Am Beispiel Der Wahlkreiskandidaten Bei Der Bundestagswahl 2002.”Politische Vierteljahresschrift 46(2): 263–87.</p>
<p>Klofstad, Casey A., Rindy C. Anderson, and Susan Peters. 2012. “Sounds Like a Winner: Voice Pitch Influences Perception of Leadership Capacity in Both Men and Women.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 297: 2698-2704. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0311)</p>
<p>Kulka, R. A., &amp; Kessler, J. R. (1978). Is justice really blind? The effect of litigant physical attractiveness on judicial judgment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 336-381.</p>
<p>Kurtzberg, R., Safar, H. &amp; Cavior, N. (1968). Surgical and social rehabilitation of adult offenders. Proceedings of the 76th Annual Convention of The American Psychological Association.</p>
<p>Landy, D.; Sigall, H. &#8220;Task Evaluation as a Function of the Performers&#8217; Physical Attractiveness&#8221;. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 29 (3): 299–304.</p>
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