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	<title>Beeinflussung &#8211; Learning psychology</title>
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	<title>Beeinflussung &#8211; Learning psychology</title>
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		<title>Psychology of Influence &#8211; The foot-in-the-door technique</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/10/22/psychology-of-influence-the-foot-in-the-door-technique/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 22 Oct 2016 15:37:23 +0000</pubDate>
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		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Foot-in-the-door]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychologie]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[The foot-in-the-door technique is certainly one of the best-known and best-researched influence techniques. Usually only the study by Freedman and Fraser (1966) is presented in psychology textbooks. Meanwhile, foot-in-the-door technique has been tested in many other situations. For example when it comes to begging money or to invite a woman  [...]]]></description>
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Meanwhile, foot-in-the-door technique has been tested in many other situations. For example when it comes to begging money or to invite a woman to a date.<br />
In recent years attempts are being made to improve the effectiveness of foot-in-the-door technology &#8230;</p>
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		<title>Persuasion When We Are Mindless: &#8220;Can I Use The Copy Machine, Because &#8230;&#8221;</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/10/09/persuasion-when-we-are-mindless-can-i-use-the-copy-machine-because/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 09 Oct 2016 10:09:44 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[When someone asks us for a favor and provides a valid reason, we are more inclined to help. But in some situations it is already sufficient to present a quite dumb reason...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-video fusion-youtube" style="--awb-max-width:812px;--awb-max-height:431px;"><div class="video-shortcode"><div class="fluid-width-video-wrapper" style="padding-top:53.08%;" ><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" title="YouTube video player 2" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gc0joXZDSYo?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0" width="812" height="431" allowfullscreen allow="autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:812px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-2"><p>When someone asks us for a favor and provides a valid reason, we are more inclined to help. But in some situations it is already sufficient to present a quite dumb reason&#8230;</p>
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		<title>Die Macht der Berührung (in der Erziehung)</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/06/21/die-macht-der-beruehrung-in-der-erziehung/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 21 Jun 2016 14:31:28 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Berührung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bildung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Delay of Gratification]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Erziehung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Klassenführung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulation]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Manchmal kann es schwer sein, Kinder dazu zu bringen, im Schulunterricht besser aufzupassen oder für einen Test zu lernen. Forschungsergebnisse legen nahe, dass schon durch leichte Berührungen so manche nervenzerrende Diskussion verhindert werden kann. Keywords: Psychologie - Berührung - Erziehung - Bildung - Delay of Gratification  Besprochene Studien: Scafidi F, Field T,  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-8 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-3"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ak2YbLC_2ZY" width="766" height="431" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:766px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-4"><p>Manchmal kann es schwer sein, Kinder dazu zu bringen, im Schulunterricht besser aufzupassen oder für einen Test zu lernen. Forschungsergebnisse legen nahe, dass schon durch leichte Berührungen so manche nervenzerrende Diskussion verhindert werden kann.</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Psychologie &#8211; Berührung &#8211; Erziehung &#8211; Bildung &#8211; Delay of Gratification <strong><br />
</strong></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:10px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-5"><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><u><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype;">Besprochene Studien:</span></u></strong></span><br />
Scafidi F, Field T, Schanberg SM, et al. Effects of tactile/kinesthetic  stimulation and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates.  Infant Behav Dev 1986;9:91-105.</p>
<p>Leonard JA1, Berkowitz T, Shusterman A. (2014). The effect of friendly touch on delay-of-gratification in preschool children. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2014;67(11):2123-33. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2014.907325. Epub 2014 Apr 22.</p>
<p>&#8211; 40 Kinder (ca. 5 Jahre)</p>
<p>&#8211; Die Kinder wurden gebeten den Verzehr von Süßigkeiten aufzuschieben: I’m going to hide five (candies) under this cup, and I want you to wait until I tell you to look for and eat the (candy). This time, I need to do some paperwork outside. But remember, I’d really like you to wait until I tell you to look for and eat the (candy). Okay? Half the children received a friendly touch on the back during this request (only the italicized portion). The experimenter placed the candy under one of three cups and left the participant for 10 min. If the child rang the bell, the timer was stopped, the experimenter reentered the room and asked if they were okay</p>
<p>a) leichte Berührung am Rücken</p>
<p>b) keine Berührung</p>
<p>&#8211; Ergebnis: die Kinder die man berührt hatte warteten durchschnittlich 2 min. 13 sec länger (8:30 min vs. 6:10 min)</p>
<hr />
<p>Kazdin, A. &amp; Klock, J. (1973). The effect of nonverbal teacher approval on student attentive behaviour. Jounal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 643-654.</p>
<p>Versuchspersonen: 12 geistig behinderte Kinder (IQ: 48-73; Alter 7-12)</p>
<p>&#8211; Die Lehrerin erhielt ein Training um gezielt mehr nonverbales Feedback einzusetzen (Lächeln, Hinterkopf tätscheln, Schulter klopfen, Umarmen&#8230;)</p>
<p>&#8211; Die Lehrerin sollte ihr Verhalten gezielt variieren (ABAB-Versuchsplan; Gesamtdauer der Studie 30 Tage)  &#8211; Das Verhalten der Lehrerin und der Kinder wurde von 5 Beobachtern erfasst</p>
<p>&#8211; Die Aufmerksamkeit der Kinder wurde durch folgende Variablen erfasst (ruhig sitzen, nicht mit dem Nachbarn quatschen, an der zugeteilten Aufgabe arbeiten)</p>
<hr />
<p>Wheldall, K., Bevan, K. &amp; Shortall, K. (1986). A touch of reinforcement: The effects of contingent teacher touch on the classroom behaviour of young children. Educational Review, 38, 207-216.</p>
<p>&#8211; 2 Experimente mit insgesamt 115 Schulkindern (5-6 Jahre alt)</p>
<p>&#8211; 4 Lehrpersonen</p>
<p>&#8211; Es ging nicht darum insgesamt mehr zu tätscheln, sondern kontingent zu tätscheln (d.h. immer dann wenn erwünschtes Verhalten gezeigt wurde; operantes Konditionieren&#8230;)</p>
<hr />
<p>Gueguen, N. (2004). Nonverbal encouragement of participation in a course: The effect of touching. Social Psychology of Education,7,89-98.doi:10.1023/B:SPOE.0000010691.30834.14</p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 105 Studenten (Statistikkurs)</p>
<p>&#8211; Beim Lösen der Aufgaben ging der Professor durch die Reihen und lobte einzelne Studenten: &#8220;That&#8217;s good. Well done.&#8221;  Währenddessen:</p>
<p>a) Berührung (leichtes Tippen auf den Arm)</p>
<p>b) keine Berührung  Dann: &#8220;Möchte irgendjemand nach vorne kommen und die Lösung an die Tafel schreiben?&#8221;</p>
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<p>Blackwell, P. L. (2000). The influence of touch on childdevelopment: Implications for intervention.Infantsand Young Children,13(1), 25–39.</p>
<p>Brockner, J., Pressman, B., Cabitt, J., &amp; Moran, P. (1982). Nonverbal intimacy,sex, and compliance: A field study. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior,6, 253–258.</p>
<p>Alagna,  F.,  Whitcher,  S.,  Fisher,  J.,  &amp;  Wicas,  E.  (1979).  Evaluative  reaction  to  interpersonal  touch  in  acounseling interview. Journal of  Counseling Psychology, 26,465-472.</p>
<p>Bacorn, C., &amp; Dixon, D. (1984). The effects of touch on depressed and vocationally undecided clients. Journal of  Counseling Psychology, 31,488-49.</p>
<p>Camps, J., Tuteleers, C., Stouten, J., Nelissen, J. (2013). A situational touch: How touch affects people’s decision behavior. Social Influence, DOI:10.1080/15534510.2012.719479</p>
<p>Coan, J. A., Schaefer, H. S., &amp; Davidson, R. J. (2006).  Lending a hand: Social regulation of the neural  response  to  threat.  Psychological  Science ,  17 (12),  1032 – 1039.  doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01832.x</p>
<p>Crusco, A &amp; Wetzel, C (1984). The midas touch: The effects of interpersonal touch on restaurant tipping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10,512-517.</p>
<p>Doliński, D. (2010). Touch, compliance, and homophobia. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 34, 179-192.</p>
<p>Dariusz Dolinski (2013). Male homophobia, touch, and compliance: A matter of the touched, not the toucher. Polish Psychological Bulletin. Band 44, Heft 4, Seiten 457–461, ISSN (Print) 0079-2993, DOI: 10.2478/ppb-2013-0051, December 2013.</p>
<p>Durana, C. (1998). The use of touch in psychotherapy: Ethical and clinical guidelines. Pychotherapy, 35,269-280.</p>
<p>Eaton, M., Mitchell-Bonair, I,. &amp; Friedmann, E. (1986). The effect of touch on nutritional intake of chronic organic brain syndrome patients. Journal of  Gerontology, 41,611-616.</p>
<p>Ebesu Hubbard, A. S., Tsuji, A., Williams, C., &amp; Seatriz, V. (2003). Effects of touch on gratuities received insame-gender and cross-gender dyads. Journal of  Applied Social Psychology, 33(11),2427-2438.</p>
<p>Erceau, D., Guéguen, N., 2007. Tactile contact and evaluation of the toucher. Journal of Social Psychology 147, 441–444.</p>
<p>Field, T. (1999). Preschoolers in America are touched less and are more aggressive than preschoolers in France. Early Childhood Development and Care, 151,11-17.</p>
<p>Field, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., Diego, M., Schanberg, S., Kuhn, C., 2005. Cortisol decreases and serotonin and dopamine increase following massage therapy. International Journal of Neuroscience 115, 1397–1413.</p>
<p>Goldman, M., &amp; Fordyce, J. (1983). Prosocial behavior as affected by eye contact, touch, andvoice expression.The Journal of Social Psychology,121, 125–129</p>
<p>Godin,  G.,  Sheeran,  P.,  Conner,  M.,  &amp;  Germain,  M.  (2008).  Asking  questions  changes  behavior:  mere measurement effects on frequency of blood donation. Health Psychology, 27,179-184.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., &amp; Jacob, C. (2005). The Effect of touch on tipping: An evaluation in a French’s bar. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 24,295-299.</p>
<p>Guéguen,  N.,  (2001a).  Toucher  et  soumission  à  une  requête  :  Réplications  expérimentales  en  situationnaturelle et évaluation de l’impact du statut. Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, 14,113-158.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N. (2001b). L’effet d’influence du toucher sur le comportement du consommateur: 2 illustrationsexpérimentales en extérieur. Direction et Gestion: La Revue des Sciences de Gestion, 190-191,123-132.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N. (2002). Touch, awareness of touch and compliance to a request. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 95,355-360.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N. (2002). Status, apparel and touch: Their joint effects on compliance to a request. North AmericanJournal of  Psychology, 4,279-286.</p>
<p>Gueguen, N. (2004). Nonverbal encouragement of participation in a course: The effect of touching. Social Psychology of Education,7,89-98.doi:10.1023/B:SPOE.0000010691.30834.14</p>
<p>Guéguen, N. (2007). The effect of a man’s touch on woman’s compliance to a request in a courtship context. Social Influence,2, 81–97.</p>
<p>Gueguen, N., &amp; Fischer-Loku, J. (2002). An evaluation of touch on a large  request:  A field setting. Psychological Reports,90(1), 267–269.doi:10.2466/PR0.90.1.267-269.</p>
<p>Gueguen, N., and Fischer-Lokou, J. (2003). Tactile contact and spontaneous help: An evaluation in a natural setting. Journal of Social Psychology,143, 785-787.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., &amp; Jacob, C. (2005). The Effect of touch on tipping: An evaluation in a French’s bar. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 24,295-299.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., &amp; Jacob, C. (2006). The effect of tactile stimulation on the purchasing behaviour of consumers: An experimental study in natural setting. International Journal of Management, 23, 24-33.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., Jacob, C., &amp; Boulbry, G. (2007). Server’s suggestion and tactile contact: An evaluation in a restaurant.International Journal of  Hospitality Management, 26,1019-1023.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., &amp; Joule, R. V. (2008). L’effet d’influence du toucher sur la soumission à des requêtes: Uneméta-analyse. Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, 80,39-58.</p>
<p>Guéguen, N.  &amp; Vion, M. (2009). The Effect of practitioner’s touch on patient’s medication compliance: An evaluation in a natural setting. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 14,689-694.</p>
<p>Holt-Lunstad, J., Birmingham, W. A., &amp; Light, K. C.(2008). Influence of a“warm touch”support enhance-ment intervention among married couples on ambu-latory blood pressure, oxytocin, alpha amylase, andcortisol. Psychosomatic  Medicine,70,  976–985.doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318187aef7</p>
<p>Hornik, J. (1987). The effect of touch and gaze upon compliance and interest of interviewees. The Journal of Social Psychology, 127,681-683.</p>
<p>Hornik, J. (1992a). Effects of physical contact on customers’ shopping time and behavior. Marketing Letters,3,49-55.</p>
<p>Hornik, J. (1992b). Tactile stimulation and consumer response. Journal of Consumer Research, 19,449-458.</p>
<p>Hornik, J., &amp; Ellis, S. (1988). Strategies to secure compliance for a mall intercept interview. Public OpinionQuarterly, 52,539-551.</p>
<p>Hou WH1, Chiang PT, Hsu TY, Chiu SY, Yen YC. (2010). Treatment effects of massage therapy in depressed people: a meta-analysis. 2010 jul;71(7):894-901. doi: 10.4088/jcp.09r05009blu. epub 2010 mar 23.</p>
<p>Hubble, M., Noble, F., &amp; Robinson, S. (1981). The effect of counselor touch in an initial counseling session. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28,533-535.</p>
<p>Jourard, S. (1966). An exploratory study of body accessibility. British Journal of  Social and Clinical Psychology, 5,221-231. Journal of  Articles in Support of  the Null Hypothesis.JASNH, 2011, Vol. 8, No. 18</p>
<p>Kaufman, D., &amp; Mahoney, J. M. (1999). The effect of waitress touch on alcohol consumption in dyads. Journal of Social Psychology, 139,261-267.</p>
<p>Joule, R.V., Guéguen, N., 2007. Touch, compliance, and awareness of tactile contact.Perceptual and Motor Skills 104, 581–588.</p>
<p>Kleinke, C. (1977). Compliance to requests made by gazing and touching experimenters in field settings. Journal of  Experimental Social Psychology, 13,218-223.</p>
<p>Leonard JA, Berkowitz T, Shusterman A. (2014). The effect of friendly touch on delay-of-gratification in preschool children. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2014;67(11):2123-33. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2014.907325. Epub 2014 Apr 22.</p>
<p>Lynn, M., Le, J. M., &amp; Sherwyn, D. (1998). Reach out and touch your customers. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 39,60-65.</p>
<p>Moore, M. M. (2002). Courtship communication and perception.Perceptual and Motor Skills,94, 97–105.</p>
<p>Moore, M. M. (1985). Nonverbal patterns in women: Context and consequences. Ethology andSociobiology,6, 237–247.</p>
<p>Moore, M. M., &amp; Butler, D. L. (1989). Predictive aspects on nonverbal courtship behavior inwomen.Semiotica,3, 201–214</p>
<p>Nannberg, J., &amp; Hansen, C. (1994). Post-compliance touch: An incentive for task performance. The Journal of  Social Psychology, 134,301-307.</p>
<p>Paulsell, S., &amp; Goldman, M. (1984). The effect of touching different body areas on prosocial behavior. The Journal of  Social Psychology, 122,269-273.</p>
<p>Patterson, M. L., Powell, J. L., &amp; Lenihan, M. G. (1986). Touch, compliance, and interpersonal affect. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior,10(1), 41–50.doi:10.1007/BF00987204.</p>
<p>Patterson, M.L., and Manusov, V.L. (2006). The SAGE handbook ofnonverbal communication. Book Academic Collection, SagePublication.</p>
<p>Pattison, J. (1973). Effects of touch on self-exploration and the therapeutic relationship. Journal of  Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40,170-175.</p>
<p>Powell, J.L., Meil, W., Patterson, M.L., Chouinard, E.F. (1994). Effects of timing of touch on compliance to a request. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 153-162.</p>
<p>Scafidi F, Field T, Schanberg SM, et al. Effects of tactile/kinesthetic stimulation and sleep/wake behavior of preterm neonates.  Infant Behav Dev 1986;9:91-105.</p>
<p>Segrin,  C.  (1993).  The  effects  of  nonverbal  behavior  on  outcomes  of  compliance  gaining  attempts. Communication Studies, 44,169-187.</p>
<p>Smith, D., Gier, J., &amp; Willis, F. (1982). Interpersonal touch and compliance with a marketing request. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 3,35-38.</p>
<p>Stephen,  R.,  &amp;  Zweigenhaft,  R.  (1986).  The  effect  on  tipping  of  a  waitress  touching  male  and  female customers. The Journal of Social Psychology, 126,141-142.</p>
<p>Stockwell, S., &amp; Dye, A. (1980). Effects of counselor touch on counseling outcome. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27,443-446.</p>
<p>Willis, F.N., Hamm, H.K. (1980). The use of interpersonal touch insecuring compliance. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 5, 49-55.</p>
<p>Wheldall ,  K. ,  Bevan ,  K .  &amp;  Shortall ,  K .  (1986) .  A  touch  of  reinforcement :  The  effects of  contingent  teacher  touch  on  the  classroom  behaviour  of  young  children.  Educational Review,  38 ,  207-216.</p>
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		<title>Schmetterlinge im Bauch &#8211; Wenn wir Aufregung mit Liebe verwechseln</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/06/21/schmetterlinge-im-bauch-wenn-wir-aufregung-mit-liebe-verwechseln/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 21 Jun 2016 13:51:30 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Anziehungskraft]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Attraktivität]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Date]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dating]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Erstes Date]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Liebe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychologie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sozialpsychologie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Verführung]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.learningpsychology.net/?p=12514</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Obwohl wir Liebe häufig für ein magisches und schicksalhaftes Phänomen halten, ist sie doch in starkem Maße auch von äußeren Umständen abhängig. Ein klassisches Experiment aus der Psychologie, in welchem Männer eine Frau auf einer furchteinflößenden Hängebrücke kennenlernten, verdeutlicht, dass aufregende Situationen romantische Gefühle verstärken können. (Dutton, D. G., &amp; Aron, A. P.  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-7"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eqnD4z_6CN4" width="766" height="431" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:766px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-14 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-8"><p>Obwohl wir Liebe häufig für ein magisches und schicksalhaftes Phänomen halten, ist sie doch in starkem Maße auch von äußeren Umständen abhängig. Ein klassisches Experiment aus der Psychologie, in welchem Männer eine Frau auf einer furchteinflößenden Hängebrücke kennenlernten, verdeutlicht, dass aufregende Situationen romantische Gefühle verstärken können.<br />
(Dutton, D. G., &amp; Aron, A. P. (1974). Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. Journal of personality and social psychology, 30(4), 510)</p>
<p>Zwei prominente Erklärungsansätze lauten:</p>
<p>1. Response-Facilitation: Die Erregung verstärkt unsere Reaktion.</p>
<p>2. Fehlattribution: Die Erregung wird von uns falsch interpretiert.</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Psychologie &#8211; Liebe &#8211; Gefühle &#8211; Verführung &#8211; Beeinflussung &#8211; Sozialpsychologie &#8211; Flirten &#8211; Date <strong><br />
</strong></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-15 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:10px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-9"><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><u><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype;">Besprochene Studien:</span></u></strong></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Foster, C. A., Witcher, B. S., Campbell, K. W., &amp; Green, J. D. (1998). Arousal and attraction: Evidence for automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 86-101. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.86</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dutton, D. G., &amp; Aron, A. P. (1974). Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. <i>Journal of personality and social psychology</i>, <i>30</i>(4), 510.</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="wp-image-12519 aligncenter" src="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-300x168.jpg" alt="Kontaktaufnahme" width="591" height="331" srcset="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-120x67.jpg 120w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-200x112.jpg 200w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-300x168.jpg 300w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-400x225.jpg 400w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-500x281.jpg 500w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-600x337.jpg 600w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-768x431.jpg 768w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-800x449.jpg 800w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dutton.jpg 1076w" sizes="(max-width: 591px) 100vw, 591px" /></p>
<p align="left">Lewandowski, G., &amp; Aron, A. (2004). Distinguishing arousal from novelty and challenge in initial romantic attraction between strangers. Social Behavior and Personality, 32(4), 361-372.</p>
<ul>
<li>1,5kg Gewichte um die Fußgelenke während eines Spiels; die größere Anstrengung führte zu mehr Arousal- &gt; die Partner wurden als attraktiver eingestuft.</li>
</ul>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-16 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-has-icon fusion-full-width-sep" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:22px;margin-bottom:0px;width:100%;"><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div><span class="icon-wrapper" style="border-color:#3e3e3e;background-color:#dd9933;font-size:14px;width: 1.75em; height: 1.75em;border-width:1px;padding:1px;"><i class=" fa fa-book" style="font-size: inherit;color:#3e3e3e;" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-17 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:#dd9933;--awb-border-top:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-10"><p><strong>Literatur</strong></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">White, G. L., Fishbein, S., &amp; Rutstein, J. (1981). Passionate low and the misattribution of arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 41 (1), 56–62.</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Aron, A., Norman, C.C., Aron, E.N., McKenna, C., &amp; Heyman, R. (2000). Couples’ shared participation in novel and arousing activ- ities and experienced relationship quality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 , 273–284.</span></span></p>
<p>Allen, J; Kenrick, D; Linder, D; McCall, M (1989). &#8220;Arousal and attraction: A response-facilitation alternative to misattribution and negative-reinforcement models&#8221;. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57: 261–270.</p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">White, G. L., &amp; Kight, T. D. (1984). Misattribution of arousal and attraction: Effects of salience of explanations for arousal. Journal of Experimental social psychology, 1(20), 55-66. doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(84)90012-X</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Foster, C. A., Witcher, B. S., Campbell, K. W., &amp; Green, J. D. (1998). Arousal and attraction: Evidence for automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 86-101. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.86</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Kenrick, D. T., Cialdini, R., &amp; Linder, D. (1979). Misattribution under Fear-Producing Circumstance: Four Failures to Replicate. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5(3), 329-334</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dutton, D. G., &amp; Aron, A. P. (1974). Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. <i>Journal of personality and social psychology</i>, <i>30</i>(4), 510. </span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Carducci, B. J., Cozby, P. C, &amp; Ward, C. D. (1978). Sexual arousal and interpersonal evaluations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 449-457.</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Meston, C. M., &amp; Frohlich, P. F. (2003). Love at first fright: Partner salience moderates roller-coaster-induced excitation transfer. <i>Archives of sexual behavior</i>, <i>32</i>(6), 537-544.</span></span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cohen, B.,Waugh, G.,&amp;Place, K. (1989). At the movies: An unobtrusive study of arousal-attraction. Journal of Social Psychology, 129, 691– 693.</span></span></p>
<p align="left">Lewandowski, G., &amp; Aron, A. (2004). Distinguishing arousal from novelty and challenge in initial romantic attraction between strangers. Social Behavior and Personality, 32(4), 361-372.</p>
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		<title>Überzeugen per Händedruck?</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/06/07/ueberzeugen-per-haendedruck/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Jun 2016 16:05:34 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Händedruck]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Handschlag]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sozialpsychologie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Werbung]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Lassen wir uns eher zu einer Geldspende hinreißen, wenn wir zuvor die Hand des Fragestellers geschüttelt haben? Keywords: Psychologie - Beeinflussung - Berührung - Sozialpsychologie - Händedruck - Händeschütteln  Besprochene Studien: Guéguen, N. (2013). Handshaking and compliance with a request: A door-to-door setting. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 41(10), 1585-1588.  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-5 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-18 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-11"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/u153lmW7isc" width="766" height="431" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:766px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-19 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-12"><p>Lassen wir uns eher zu einer Geldspende hinreißen, wenn wir zuvor die Hand des Fragestellers geschüttelt haben?</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Psychologie &#8211; Beeinflussung &#8211; Berührung &#8211; Sozialpsychologie &#8211; Händedruck &#8211; Händeschütteln<strong><br />
</strong></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-20 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:10px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-13"><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><u><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype;">Besprochene Studien:</span></u></strong></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></p>
<p>Guéguen, N. (2013). Handshaking and compliance with a request: A door-to-door setting. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 41(10), 1585-1588.</p>
<ul>
<li>Versuchspersonen: 37 Anwohner</li>
<li>zwei Studenten (20 Jahre) gingen von Haus zu Haus und baten um Spenden für die &#8220;Hoffnung für Madagaskar &#8211; Association&#8221;:</li>
<li>&#8220;Hallo. Ich bin Freiwilliger Helfer für die &#8220;Hoffnung für Madagaskar &#8211; Association&#8221; und sammle Geld für unsere Organisation um Kindern in Madagaskar zu helfen. Wären Sie bereit einen Euro zu spenden?&#8221;</li>
<li>Eine Hälfte der Probanden wurde mit einem Handschlag begrüßt.</li>
</ul>
<p><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-12473" src="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-300x168.jpg" alt="Handschlag_Spendenbereitschaft" width="770" height="431" srcset="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-120x67.jpg 120w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-200x112.jpg 200w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-300x168.jpg 300w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-400x225.jpg 400w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-500x281.jpg 500w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-600x337.jpg 600w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-768x431.jpg 768w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-800x449.jpg 800w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen-1024x575.jpg 1024w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/gueguen.jpg 1076w" sizes="(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px" /></p>
<p>53% vs. 96%</p>
<p>-&gt; Vielleicht wurden die Fragesteller als freundlicher wahrgenommen.<br />
-&gt; Vielleicht wurde aber auch ein (unbewusstes) Verhaltens-Skript aktiviert: Verträge werden per Handschlag besiegelt.</p>
<p>Kritik: Geringe Versuchspersonenzahl!</p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-21 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-has-icon fusion-full-width-sep" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:22px;margin-bottom:0px;width:100%;"><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div><span class="icon-wrapper" style="border-color:#3e3e3e;background-color:#dd9933;font-size:14px;width: 1.75em; height: 1.75em;border-width:1px;padding:1px;"><i class=" fa fa-book" style="font-size: inherit;color:#3e3e3e;" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-22 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:#dd9933;--awb-border-top:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-14"><p><strong>Literatur</strong></p>
<p>Chaplin, W. F., Phillips, J. B., Brown, J. D., Clanton, N. R., &amp; Stein, J. L. (2000). Handshaking, gender, personality, and first impressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 110-117. http://doi.org/bhrrtt</p>
<p>Crusco, A. H., &amp; Wetzel, C. G. (1984). The Midas touch: The effects of interpersonal touch on restaurant tipping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 512-517. http://doi.org/ cv7zrn</p>
<p>Goldman, M., Pulcher, D., &amp; Mendez, T. (1983). Appeals for help, prosocial behavior, and psychological reactance. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 113, 265-269. http://doi.org/fnc472</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., &amp; Joule, R. V. (2008). L’effet d’influence du toucher sur la soumission à des requêtes: Une méta-analyse [The effect of touch on compliance with a request: A meta-analysis]. Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, 80, 39-58. http://doi.org/c3qqrm</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., Meineri, S., &amp; Charles-Sire, V. (2010). Improving medication adherence by using practitioner nonverbal techniques: A field experiment on the effect of touch. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 466-473. http://doi.org/d9bwmb</p>
<p>Guéguen, N., &amp; Pascual, A. (2003). Status and people tolerance against ill-mannered person: A field study. Journal of Mundane Behavior, 4, 1-8. Hall, E. (1966). The hidden dimension: Man’s use of space in public and private. New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday.</p>
<p>Hornik, J. (1987). The effect of touch and gaze upon compliance and interest of interviewees. The Journal of Social Psychology, 127, 681-683.</p>
<p>Hornik, J. (1992). Tactile stimulation and consumer response. Journal of Consumer Research, 19, 449-458. http://doi.org/c24vng</p>
<p>Juhnke, R., Barmann, B., Vickery, K., Cunningham, M., Hohl, J., Smith, E., &amp; Quinones, J. (1987). Effects of attractiveness and nature of request on helping behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 127, 317-322. http://doi.org/fm7ctf</p>
<p>Kleinke, C. L. (1977). Compliance to requests made by gazing and touching experimenters in field settings. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 218-223. http://doi.org/fwc5ft</p>
<p>Lynn, M., Le, J.-M., &amp; Sherwyn, D. (1998). Reach out and touch your customers. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 39, 60-65. http://doi.org/bf53pq</p>
<p>Ohbuchi, K., Chiba, S., &amp; Fukushima, O. (1996). Mitigation of interpersonal conflicts: Politeness and time pressure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1035-1042. http://doi.org/d59pgx</p>
<p>Paulsell, S., &amp; Goldman, M. (1984). The effect of touching different body areas on prosocial behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 122, 269-273. http://doi.org/ckvv6g</p>
<p>Segrin, C. (1993). The effects of nonverbal behavior on outcomes of compliance gaining attempts. Communication Studies, 44, 169-187. http://doi.org/ffvjvd</p>
<p>Shipps, E. M., &amp; Freeman, H. R. (2003). Handshake: Its relation to first impressions and measured personality traits. Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research, 8, 144-148.</p>
<p>Smith, D. E., Gier, J. A., &amp; Willis, F. N. (1982). Interpersonal touch and compliance with a marketing request. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 3, 35-38. http://doi.org/fdhttw</p>
<p>Stephen, R., &amp; Zweigenhaft, R. L. (1986). The effect on tipping of a waitress touching male and female customers. The Journal of Social Psychology, 126, 141-142. http://doi.org/ffzsv8</p>
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		<title>LETZTE EPISODE &#8211; Neue Psychologie der Beeinflussung</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/05/03/letzte-episode-neue-psychologie-der-beeinflussung/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 May 2016 15:03:30 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eskil Burck]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sozialpsychologie]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Zum allerersten Mal stehe ich selbst vor der Kamera. Dafür gibt es allerdings auch einen guten Grund: Es gibt Neuigkeiten, die ich persönlich mitteilen wollte... Keywords: Psychologie - Werbepsychologie - Beeinflussung - Fear-then-relief-Technik - Neue Psychologie der Beeinflussung - Manipulation - Buch mp3-Download (Rechte Maustaste, dann "Ziel speichern unter...")       [...]]]></description>
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<hr />
<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Psychologie &#8211; Werbepsychologie &#8211; Beeinflussung &#8211; Fear-then-relief-Technik &#8211; Neue Psychologie der Beeinflussung &#8211; Manipulation &#8211; Buch<strong><br />
</strong></p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<p>Cialdini, R.B. (2013). Die Psychologie des Überzeugens. Bern: Huber.</p>
<p>Dolinska, B.; Dolinski, D. (2014). Fear-then-relief, legitimizing a paltry contribution, and charity. European Review of Applied Psychology / Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée, Vol 64(1), Jan, 2014 pp. 29-34. Publisher: Elsevier Science.</p>
<p>Dolinski, D., &amp; Nawrat, R. (1998). ‘Fear-then-relief’ procedure for producing compliance: Beware when the danger is over. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 27–50.</p>
<p>D. Dolinski &amp; K. Szczucka. (2012). Fear-then-relief-then argument: How to sell goods using the EDTR technique of social influence. Social Influence, 7 (3), 251–267.</p>
<p>Dolinski, D. and Szczucka, K. (2013), Emotional disrupt-then-reframe technique of social influence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43: 2031–2041. doi: 10.1111/jasp.12156</p>
<p>Dolinski, D., Ciszek, M., Godlewski, K., &amp; Zawadzki, M. (2002). Fear-then-relief, mindlessness, and cognitive deficits. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 435–447.</p>
<p>Doliński, D. (2011). Two for the see-saw: requester and requested. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 42, 105 -113.</p>
<p>Dolinski, D. (2001). Emotional seesaw, compliance, and mindlessness. European Psychologist, 6, 194–203.</p>
<p>Nawrat, R., &amp; Dolinski, D. (2007). ‘‘Seesaw of emotions’’ and compliance: Beyond the fear-then-relief rule. Journal of Social Psychology, 147, 556–571.</p>
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		<title>&#8220;Nur noch wenige Exemplare verfügbar!&#8221; &#8211; Die Reaktanztheorie in der Konsumentenpsychologie</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/05/03/nur-noch-wenige-exemplare-verfuegbar-die-reaktanztheorie-in-der-konsumentenpsychologie/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 May 2016 14:56:49 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Marketing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Reaktanz]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Werbepsychologie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Werbung]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Eigentlich schützt uns Reaktanz (Widerspenstigkeit) wie ein Schutzschild gegen Beeinflussungsversuche. Denn wann immer uns jemand etwas aufschwatzen möchte, reagieren wir in der Regel mit Abwehr. Wir wollen nicht das tun, was andere für uns vorgesehen haben, sondern wir wollen uns frei entscheiden. Leider kann unsere Freiheitsliebe auch ausgenutzt werden... Keywords: Psychologie - Werbepsychologie  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-7 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-27 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-18"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WP-hbbSCvcE" width="766" height="431" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:766px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-28 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-19"><p>Eigentlich schützt uns Reaktanz (Widerspenstigkeit) wie ein Schutzschild gegen Beeinflussungsversuche. Denn wann immer uns jemand etwas aufschwatzen möchte, reagieren wir in der Regel mit Abwehr. Wir wollen nicht das tun, was andere für uns vorgesehen haben, sondern wir wollen uns frei entscheiden.</p>
<p>Leider kann unsere Freiheitsliebe auch ausgenutzt werden&#8230;</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Psychologie &#8211; Werbepsychologie &#8211; Manipulation &#8211; Beeinflussung &#8211; Reaktanz &#8211; Knappheit<strong><br />
</strong></p>
<div class="fusion-button-wrapper fusion-alignleft"><a class="fusion-button button-flat button-medium button-darkgray fusion-button-darkgray button-2 fusion-button-default-span fusion-button-default-type" target="_self" href="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/(78) Reaktanz in der Werbepsychologie.mp3"><span class="fusion-button-icon-divider button-icon-divider-left"><i class=" fa fa-download awb-button__icon awb-button__icon--default" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><span class="fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default fusion-button-text-left">mp3-Download (Rechte Maustaste, dann &#8220;Ziel speichern unter&#8230;&#8221;)</span></a></div>
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<p>Armstrong, J. Scott (2010), Persuasive Advertising. London: Palgrave Macmillan.</p>
<p>Brehm, Sharon S. (1981). Psychological reactance and the attractiveness of unobtainable objects: Sex differences in children&#8217;s responses to an elimination of freedom. Sex Roles, Volume 7, Number 9,937-949</p>
<p>Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. Academic Press.</p>
<p>Brehm, S. S., &amp; Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological Reactance: A Theory of Freedom and Control. Academic Press.</p>
<p>Crawford, M. T., McConnell, A. R., Lewis, A. C., &amp; Sherman, S. J. (2002). Reactance, compliance, and  anticipated regret. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 56–63.</p>
<p>Darke, Peter R., Laurence Ashworth, and Robin J. B. Ritchie (2008), “Damage From Corrective Advertising: Causes and Cures,” Journal of Marketing, 72 (November), 81–97.</p>
<p>Dillard, J., &amp; Shen, L. (2005). On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. Communication Monographs, 72, 144-168.</p>
<p>GUEGUEN, N., &amp; PASCUAL, A. (2000). Evocation of freedom and compliance:  the &#8220;but you are free of&#8221; technique. Current Research in Social Psychology,  5, 264-270.</p>
<p>GUEGUEN, N., PASCUAL, A., JACOB, C., &amp; MORINEAU, T. (2002). Request  solicitation and semantic evocation of freedom:  An evaluation in  a  computer-mediated communication context. Perceptual and Motor Skills,  95, 208-212.</p>
<p>Gueguen, Nicolas and Pascual, Alexandre (2005) &#8220;Improving the Response Rate to a Street Survey: An Evaluation of the &#8220;But You Are Free to Accept or to Refuse&#8221; Technique,&#8221; The Psychological Record: Vol. 55: Iss. 2, Article 7. Available at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/tpr/vol55/iss2/7</p>
<p>Jacks, J. Z., &amp;Cameron, K. A. (2003). Strategies for resisting persuasion. Basic and Applied Social Psychology,  25, 145–161.</p>
<p>Miller, C. H., Lane, L. T., Deatrick, L. M., Young, A. M., &amp; Potts, K. A. (2007). Psychological reactance and promotional health messages: The effects of controlling language, lexical concreteness, and the restoration of freedom. Human Communication Research, 33, 219-240.</p>
<p>Miller, C. H., Burgoon, M., Grandpre, J., &amp; Alvaro, E. (2006). Identifying principal risk factors for the initiation of adolescent smoking behaviors: The significance of psychological reactance. Health Communication 19, 241-252.</p>
<p>Pennebaker, J., and Sanders, D. “American Graffiti: Effects of Authority and Reactance Arousal.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1976, 2, 264-267.</p>
<p>R. Barry Ruback, Daniel Juieng, (1997). Territorial Defense in Parking Lots: Retaliation Against Waiting Drivers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. Volume 27, Issue 9, pages 821–834, May 1997</p>
<p>Silvia, P. J. (2005). Deflecting reactance: The role of similarity in increasing compliance and reducing resistance. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27, 277–284.</p>
<p>Wansink, Brian and Pierre Chandon (2006), “Can ‘Low-Fat’ Nutrition Labels Lead to Obesity?” Journal of Marketing Research, 43, 605–617.</p>
<p>Zellinger, David A., Howard. L. Fromkin, Donald E. Speller, and Carol A. Kohn (1975), “A Commodity Theory Analysis of the Effects of Age Restrictions Upon Pornographic Materials,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 60 (1), 94–99.</p>
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		<title>Zum Mörder werden &#8211; Durch Foot-in-the-Door?</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/05/03/zum-moerder-werden-durch-foot-in-the-door/</link>
					<comments>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/05/03/zum-moerder-werden-durch-foot-in-the-door/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 May 2016 13:44:22 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Derren Brown]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Foot-in-the-door]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mentalismus]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.learningpsychology.net/?p=12386</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Kann man mithilfe der Foot-in-the-Door-Technik (siehe Minute 8:20 im Video) jemanden dazu bringen, zum Mörder zu werden? Es gibt viele berühmte Experimente (z.B. das Milgram-Experiment oder das Stanford-Prison-Experiment), in denen eindrucksvoll gezeigt werden konnte, dass unbescholtene Normalbürger unter bestimmten Umständen zu unglaublichen Gräueltaten "fähig" sind. In der Psychologie spricht man in diesem Zusammenhang  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-8 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-31 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-21"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/b3a21wiRtTs" width="766" height="431" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:766px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-32 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-22"><p>Kann man mithilfe der Foot-in-the-Door-Technik (siehe Minute 8:20 im Video) jemanden dazu bringen, zum Mörder zu werden?</p>
<p>Es gibt viele berühmte Experimente (z.B. das Milgram-Experiment oder das Stanford-Prison-Experiment), in denen eindrucksvoll gezeigt werden konnte, dass unbescholtene Normalbürger unter bestimmten Umständen zu unglaublichen Gräueltaten &#8220;fähig&#8221; sind. In der Psychologie spricht man in diesem Zusammenhang vom &#8220;Druck der Situation&#8221;. Ist der Druck der Situation hoch genug, kann selbst ein Normalbürger mit durchschnittlicher Persönlichkeitsstruktur dazu gebracht werden, Dinge zu tun, die er unter normalen Umständen niemals getan hätte.</p>
<p>Im Video stellt sich am Ende heraus, dass 3 von 4 Probanden tatsächlich dem Druck der Situation nicht standhielten und sich zu einer unfassbaren (Mord-)Tat hinreißen ließen. Dabei seien allerdings (aus methodischer Sicht) mehrere Dinge zu beachten:</p>
<p>1. Selbstverständlich ist hier nicht nur die Foot-in-the-Door-Technik im Spiel. Insbesondere in der finalen Szene (auf dem Dach) herrschte auch ein enormer Gruppenzwang.</p>
<p>2. Es handelt sich im Grunde doch nicht um &#8220;Normalbürger&#8221;, sondern um eine vorselektierte Auswahl an Probanden. Wie im Video zu sehen ist, wurden nur jene Probanden ausgewählt, die sich unter Gruppenzwang konform verhielten.</p>
<p>3. Alle Versuchspersonen hatten sich im Vorfeld damit einverstanden erklärt, an einer Show des Mentalisten teilzunehmen. Es ist also nicht auszuschließen, dass die Probanden während des Abends &#8211; an dem es ja zu einer Verkettung von unglaublichen Ereignissen kommt &#8211; geahnt haben, dass sie jetzt Teil der Derren-Brown-Show seien. Vielleicht haben sie also im entscheidenden Moment einfach mitgespielt&#8230;</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Aus ethischer Sicht</strong> sind solche Experimente natürlich äußerst fragwürdig.<br />
Oder um deutlicher zu werden: Absolut inakzeptabel.<br />
Denn die Probanden müssen ihr Leben lang mit dem Gedanken leben -unter gewissen Umständen &#8211; würde ich jemanden ermorden.<br />
Es gibt wohl kaum eine Ethik-Kommission in der Welt der Wissenschaft, die dieses Experiment heutzutage genehmigt hätte. Aber im Fernsehen sind die ethischen Standards ja leider bekanntlich nicht die höchsten&#8230;</p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-33 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-recent-posts fusion-recent-posts-1 avada-container layout-default layout-columns-3"><section class="fusion-columns columns fusion-columns-3 columns-3"><article class="post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-zoomin"><ul class="slides"><li><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2026/03/28/scientists-compared-ai-to-real-therapists-the-results-are-wild/" aria-label="Scientists Compared AI to Real Therapists. The Results Are Wild." class="hover-type-zoomin"><img decoding="async" width="700" height="441" src="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026-03-28_11-29-29-700x441.jpg" class="attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts" alt="We Compared AI to Real Therapists. The Results Are Wild." srcset="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026-03-28_11-29-29-320x202.jpg 320w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026-03-28_11-29-29-700x441.jpg 700w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></a></li></ul></div><div class="recent-posts-content"><span class="vcard" style="display: none;"><span class="fn"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/author/admin/" rel="author"></a></span></span><span class="updated" style="display:none;">2026-03-28T11:32:54+01:00</span><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2026/03/28/scientists-compared-ai-to-real-therapists-the-results-are-wild/">Scientists Compared AI to Real Therapists. The Results Are Wild.</a></h4></div></article><article class="post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-zoomin"><ul class="slides"><li><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2025/12/14/the-limitless-lie-why-smart-drugs-are-a-scam/" aria-label="The &#8220;Limitless&#8221; Lie: Why Smart Drugs Are a Scam" class="hover-type-zoomin"><img decoding="async" width="700" height="441" src="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2025-12-14_11-17-28-700x441.jpg" class="attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts" alt="Adderall adhd doping" srcset="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2025-12-14_11-17-28-320x202.jpg 320w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2025-12-14_11-17-28-700x441.jpg 700w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></a></li></ul></div><div class="recent-posts-content"><span class="vcard" style="display: none;"><span class="fn"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/author/admin/" rel="author"></a></span></span><span class="updated" style="display:none;">2025-12-14T11:30:20+01:00</span><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2025/12/14/the-limitless-lie-why-smart-drugs-are-a-scam/">The &#8220;Limitless&#8221; Lie: Why Smart Drugs Are a Scam</a></h4></div></article><article class="post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-zoomin"><ul class="slides"><li><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2025/11/23/the-watching-eyes-effect-83-3-compliance/" aria-label="The Watching Eyes Effect: 83.3% Compliance." class="hover-type-zoomin"><img decoding="async" width="700" height="441" src="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-11-23_14-17-41-700x441.jpg" class="attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts" alt="Watching eyes effect" srcset="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-11-23_14-17-41-320x202.jpg 320w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-11-23_14-17-41-700x441.jpg 700w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></a></li></ul></div><div class="recent-posts-content"><span class="vcard" style="display: none;"><span class="fn"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/author/admin/" rel="author"></a></span></span><span class="updated" style="display:none;">2025-11-23T14:23:03+01:00</span><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2025/11/23/the-watching-eyes-effect-83-3-compliance/">The Watching Eyes Effect: 83.3% Compliance.</a></h4></div></article></section></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div></div></div>
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		<title>NLP &#8211; Unfassbare Manipulation</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/05/03/nlp-unfassbare-manipulation/</link>
					<comments>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/05/03/nlp-unfassbare-manipulation/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 May 2016 13:42:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Psychologie]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.learningpsychology.net/?p=12384</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Von vielen NLP-"Meistern" wird das obige Video als ein Beweis für die nahezu unbegrenzten Beeinflussungsmöglichkeiten des NLP (Neuro-Linguistisches Programmieren) angepriesen. Aber hat der britische Mentalist Derren Brown in diesem Video wirklich mit Hilfe von NLP das Kunststück vollbracht, eine Erinnerung auszulöschen und gleichzeitig ein völlig neues Bedürfnis (BMX-Bike) zu erzeugen? Zugegeben: Die cinematische  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-9 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-34 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-23"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sEmCQzueyEQ" width="766" height="431" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:766px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-35 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-24"><p>Von vielen NLP-&#8220;Meistern&#8221; wird das obige Video als ein Beweis für die nahezu unbegrenzten Beeinflussungsmöglichkeiten des NLP (<strong>N</strong>euro-<strong>L</strong>inguistisches <strong>P</strong>rogrammieren) angepriesen. Aber hat der britische Mentalist Derren Brown in diesem Video wirklich mit Hilfe von NLP das Kunststück vollbracht, eine Erinnerung auszulöschen und gleichzeitig ein völlig neues Bedürfnis (BMX-Bike) zu erzeugen?</p>
<p>Zugegeben: Die cinematische Umsetzung ist großartig und als Laie &#8211; der man vielleicht schon die eine oder andere Hypnose-Show gesehen hat &#8211; ist man vielleicht geneigt, dem Spuk zu glauben.<br />
Aber die Wahrheit ist: Das wahre Kunststück bestand darin, die Welt glauben zu machen, er habe bei seinem (Zauber-)Trick NLP verwendet. Natürlich ist Derren Brown als Mentalist mit Hypnose- und NLP- Techniken vertraut. Andererseits ist er aber auch ein sehr skeptischer und wissenschaftsorientierter Mensch. Somit sind ihm die Grenzen des NLP sehr wohl bewusst. Und die Grenzen des NLP sind deutlich enger gesteckt als vielerorts lauthals behauptet wird. Natürlich gibt es Techniken (z.B. das Ankern), die aus der Psychologie abgekupfert wurden (klassisches Konditionieren) und die durchaus funktionieren können. Allerdings hielten viele andere Lehren des NLP einer wissenschaftlichen Überprüfung nicht stand. So kann man beispielsweise in nahezu jedem NLP-Ratgeber nachlesen, dass man anhand der Augenbewegungen einer Person feststellen könne, ob diese Person gerade lüge. <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0040259">Die Mehrzahl der Studien konnte diesen Phänomen aber keineswegs nachweisen</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Aber wie hat er&#8217;s gemacht?</strong> Als Mentalist (Zauberer, der seine Tricks wie Mental-Magie aussehen lässt) verrät natürlich auch ein Derren Brown nirgends seine Tricks. Daher bleibt nur zu spekulieren: Höchstwahrscheinlich hat er aber einfach einen Weg gefunden den Zettel/Umschlag zu präparieren oder auszutauschen. (Darum bekommen wir als Zuschauer wohl auch nicht zu sehen, wie der Zettel eigentlich in den Umschlag gekommen ist.)<br />
Es ist somit kein Wunder, dass die Versuchsperson (Simon Pegg; britischer Schauspieler) äußerst verblüfft ist, als er auf dem Zettel &#8220;Leather Jacket&#8221; liest. Denn in Wirklichkeit hatte er sich von Anfang an wirklich ein rotes BMX-Bike gewünscht&#8230;<br />
Jetzt kann man natürlich einwenden: „Aber er sagt doch, dass es seine Handschrift sei!&#8221;<br />
Das ist zwar richtig. Aber eine Handschrift lässt sich natürlich ohne Probleme fälschen&#8230;</p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-36 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-separator fusion-has-icon fusion-full-width-sep" style="margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:22px;margin-bottom:0px;width:100%;"><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div><span class="icon-wrapper" style="border-color:#3e3e3e;background-color:#dd9933;font-size:14px;width: 1.75em; height: 1.75em;border-width:1px;padding:1px;"><i class=" fa fa-book" style="font-size: inherit;color:#3e3e3e;" aria-hidden="true"></i></span><div class="fusion-separator-border sep-shadow" style="--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-webkit-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-moz-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);background:-o-radial-gradient(ellipse at 50% -50% , #3e3e3e 0px, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 80%) repeat scroll 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"></div></div><div class="fusion-sep-clear"></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-37 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:#dd9933;--awb-border-top:1px;--awb-border-style:solid;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-25"><p><strong>Literatur</strong></p>
<p>Beck CE, Beck EA (1984) Test of the Eye-Movement Hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming: A rebuttal of conclusions. Percept Mot Skills 58: 175–176.</p>
<p>Ekman P (2001) Telling lies. Clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage. New York: W. W. Norton &amp; Company.</p>
<p>Heap M (2008) The validity of some early claims of neuro-linguistic programming. Skeptical Intelligencer 11: 6–13.</p>
<p>Sharpley CF (1984) Predicate matching in NLP: A review of research on the preferred representational system. J Couns Psychol 31: 238–248.</p>
<p>Sharpley CF (1987) Research findings on neurolinguistic programming: Nonsupportive data or an untestable theory? J Couns Psychol 34: 103–107.</p>
<p>Thomason TC, Arbuckle T, Cady D (1980) Test of the Eye Movement Hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming. Percept Mot Skills 51: 230.</p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-38 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-recent-posts fusion-recent-posts-2 avada-container layout-default layout-columns-3"><section class="fusion-columns columns fusion-columns-3 columns-3"><article class="post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-zoomin"><ul class="slides"><li><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2026/03/28/scientists-compared-ai-to-real-therapists-the-results-are-wild/" aria-label="Scientists Compared AI to Real Therapists. The Results Are Wild." class="hover-type-zoomin"><img decoding="async" width="700" height="441" src="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026-03-28_11-29-29-700x441.jpg" class="attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts" alt="We Compared AI to Real Therapists. The Results Are Wild." srcset="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026-03-28_11-29-29-320x202.jpg 320w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/2026-03-28_11-29-29-700x441.jpg 700w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></a></li></ul></div><div class="recent-posts-content"><span class="vcard" style="display: none;"><span class="fn"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/author/admin/" rel="author"></a></span></span><span class="updated" style="display:none;">2026-03-28T11:32:54+01:00</span><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2026/03/28/scientists-compared-ai-to-real-therapists-the-results-are-wild/">Scientists Compared AI to Real Therapists. The Results Are Wild.</a></h4></div></article><article class="post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-zoomin"><ul class="slides"><li><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2025/12/14/the-limitless-lie-why-smart-drugs-are-a-scam/" aria-label="The &#8220;Limitless&#8221; Lie: Why Smart Drugs Are a Scam" class="hover-type-zoomin"><img decoding="async" width="700" height="441" src="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2025-12-14_11-17-28-700x441.jpg" class="attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts" alt="Adderall adhd doping" srcset="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2025-12-14_11-17-28-320x202.jpg 320w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/2025-12-14_11-17-28-700x441.jpg 700w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></a></li></ul></div><div class="recent-posts-content"><span class="vcard" style="display: none;"><span class="fn"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/author/admin/" rel="author"></a></span></span><span class="updated" style="display:none;">2025-12-14T11:30:20+01:00</span><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2025/12/14/the-limitless-lie-why-smart-drugs-are-a-scam/">The &#8220;Limitless&#8221; Lie: Why Smart Drugs Are a Scam</a></h4></div></article><article class="post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4"><div class="fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-zoomin"><ul class="slides"><li><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2025/11/23/the-watching-eyes-effect-83-3-compliance/" aria-label="The Watching Eyes Effect: 83.3% Compliance." class="hover-type-zoomin"><img decoding="async" width="700" height="441" src="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-11-23_14-17-41-700x441.jpg" class="attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts" alt="Watching eyes effect" srcset="https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-11-23_14-17-41-320x202.jpg 320w, https://learningpsychology.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/2025-11-23_14-17-41-700x441.jpg 700w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /></a></li></ul></div><div class="recent-posts-content"><span class="vcard" style="display: none;"><span class="fn"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/author/admin/" rel="author"></a></span></span><span class="updated" style="display:none;">2025-11-23T14:23:03+01:00</span><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://learningpsychology.net/2025/11/23/the-watching-eyes-effect-83-3-compliance/">The Watching Eyes Effect: 83.3% Compliance.</a></h4></div></article></section></div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div></div></div>
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		<title>Unbewusste Beeinflussung durch Werbung: Manipulation durch Musik, Düfte, &#8230; und subliminale Botschaften?</title>
		<link>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/03/05/unbewusste-beeinflussung-durch-werbung-manipulation-durch-musik-duefte-und-subliminale-botschaften/</link>
					<comments>https://learningpsychology.net/2016/03/05/unbewusste-beeinflussung-durch-werbung-manipulation-durch-musik-duefte-und-subliminale-botschaften/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 05 Mar 2016 21:31:30 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[All]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beeinflussung]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geruch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Marketing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Musik]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[subliminale Stimuli]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Werbung]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.learningpsychology.net/?p=12317</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Ein großer Teil der Manipulationstechniken der Werbeindustrie entgeht unserer Aufmerksamkeit. Manchmal ist es eine leise Hintergrundmusik, ein angenehmer Duft oder auch das Verhalten unserer Mitmenschen, die unser Konsumverhalten auf subtile Art und Weise beeinflussen. Wenn wir jedoch gefragt werden: "Warum hast du das gekauft?" So können wir häufig sehr rationale Erklärungen geben. Schließlich  [...]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-10 hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling" style="--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-overflow:visible;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;" ><div class="fusion-builder-row fusion-row"><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-39 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last fusion-column-no-min-height" style="--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-26"><p><iframe class="fusion-hidden" data-privacy-type="youtube" src="" data-privacy-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/AZCl9svQJB0?list=UUKqYM6Qzx-0IVReMjiX8fTg" width="766" height="431" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder" style="width:766px; height:431px;" data-privacy-type="youtube"><div class="fusion-privacy-placeholder-content"><div class="fusion-privacy-label">For privacy reasons YouTube needs your permission to be loaded. For more details, please see our <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://learningpsychology.net/sitenotice/" rel="privacy-policy">Site Notice</a>.</div><button data-privacy-type="youtube" class="fusion-button button-default fusion-button-default-size button fusion-privacy-consent">I Accept</button></div></div></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-40 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:-16px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-27"><p>Ein großer Teil der Manipulationstechniken der Werbeindustrie entgeht unserer Aufmerksamkeit. Manchmal ist es eine leise Hintergrundmusik, ein angenehmer Duft oder auch das Verhalten unserer Mitmenschen, die unser Konsumverhalten auf subtile Art und Weise beeinflussen.</p>
<p>Wenn wir jedoch gefragt werden: &#8220;Warum hast du das gekauft?&#8221; So können wir häufig sehr rationale Erklärungen geben.<br />
Schließlich ist das eine Spezialität unseres Gehirns: Rationale Gründe für manchmal wenig rationales Verhalten erfinden&#8230;</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Psychologie &#8211; Werbepsychologie &#8211; Priming &#8211; Manipulation &#8211; Konsumentenpsychologie &#8211; Chartrand &#8211; Berger &#8211; subliminale Botschaften &#8211; James Vicary &#8211; Karremans &#8211; Gerüche &#8211; Düfte<strong><br />
</strong></p>
</div><div class="fusion-clearfix"></div></div></div><div class="fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-41 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last" style="--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:10px;--awb-bg-color:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-color-hover:#3d3d3d;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-top:10px;"><div class="fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy"><div class="fusion-text fusion-text-28"><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><u><span style="font-family: Palatino Linotype;">Besprochene Studien:</span></u></strong></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></p>
<p align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><em><strong>Supraliminales Priming</strong></em></span></span></p>
<p><strong>1. Musik</strong></p>
<p>North, A.C., Hargreaves, D.J., and McKendrick, J. (1999). <strong>The Influence of In-Store music on wine selections.</strong> Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 271-276.</p>
<p>Versuchspersonen: 82 Besucher eines englischen Supermarkts<br />
&#8211; Im Weinregal des Supermarkts befanden sich zwei Weinsorten (deutscher bzw. franz. Wein), die hinsichtlich Preis und Süße identisch waren.<br />
&#8211; Über zwei Wochen wurde abwechselnd am Weinregal<br />
a) französiche Musik (Akkordeon)<br />
oder<br />
b) deutsche Volksmusik gespielt. (Bierkellermusik; Blasinstrumente)</p>
<p>Ergebnisse:<br />
&#8211; Wenn deutsche Musik gespielt wurde, wurde deutscher Wein bevorzugt, wenn französische Musik gespielt wurde, wurde eher französischer Wein gekauft.<br />
&#8211; Nur 6 von 44 Befragten gaben an, durch die Musik bei ihrer Entscheidung beeinflusst worden zu sein.</p>
<hr size="1" />
<p><strong><br />
2. Gerüche</strong></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial;">Hirsch, A., 1995. <strong>Effects of ambient odors on slot-machine usage in a Las Vegas casino</strong>. Psychology and Marketing 12, 585–594.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: Arial;">&#8211; 68 Spielautomaten (Las Vegas)<br />
&#8211; 3 Bedingungen<br />
a) Duft A<br />
b) Duft B<br />
c) kein Duft</span></p>
<p>-&gt; Nur Duft A führte zu einer signifikanten Umsatzssteigerung (45,11% im Vergleich zu den Wochenenden davor und danach)<br />
-&gt; bei Verstärkung des Dufts stieg der Umsatz (53% vs. 34%)</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<hr size="1" />
<p><strong>3. Anwesenheit anderer Personen</strong></p>
<p>McFerran, Brent, Darren W. Dahl, Gavan J. Fitzsimons, and Andrea C. Morales (2010), I’ll Have What She’s Having: Effects of Social Influence and Body Type on the Food Choices of Others”, Journal of Consumer Research, 36 (6, April) 915-929.</p>
<hr size="1" />
<p><strong>4. andere Umwelteinflüsse</strong></p>
<p>Berger, Jonah, and Grainne Fitzsimons. 2008. <strong>Dogs on the Street, Pumas on Your Feet: How Cues in the Environment Influence Product Evaluation and Choice.</strong>  Journal of Marketing Research 45 (February):1-14.</p>
<p><em>Experiment 1:</em></p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 144 Passanten<br />
&#8211; &#8220;Bitte nenne fünf Dinge aus der Kategorie Süßigkeit/Schokolade und fünf Dinge aus der Kategorie Limonade&#8221;<br />
&#8211; zwei Befragungszeitpunkte:<br />
a) ein Tag vor Halloween (Samstagabend)<br />
b) eine Woche später (Samstagabend)</p>
<p>Ergebnisse:<br />
Einen Tag vor Halloween wurden häufiger orangene Produkte genannt.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<hr />
<p><em>Experiment 2:</em></p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 29 Studenten<br />
&#8211; Im Rahmen einer Konsumentenbefragung sollten die Probanden aus 20 Produktpaaren auswählen, welche sie bevorzugen würden. Dabei mussten sie sich u.a. zwischen orangenen Produkten (z.B. Fanta) und grünen Produkten (z.B. Sprite) entscheiden.<br />
&#8211; Zum Ausfüllen des Fragebogens erhielten sie:<br />
a) einen orangenen Stift<br />
b) einen grünen Stift</p>
<p>Ergebnisse:<br />
Die Probanden präferierten eher jene Produkte, die der Farbe ihres Stifts entsprach.</p>
<hr size="1" />
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><em><strong>Subliminales Priming</strong></em></span></span></p>
<p><strong>1. James Vicary</strong></p>
<p><img decoding="async" title="James Vicary_subliminal" src="http://www.psychologiederschule.de/images/James%20Vicary_Drink%20Coca%20Cola_fraud.jpg" alt="James Vicary_subliminal" border="0" /><br />
<span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></p>
<hr size="1" />
<p><strong>2. Unspezifische Effekte</strong></p>
<p>Cooper, Joel; Cooper, Grant (2002). &#8220;<strong>Subliminal motivation: A story revisited</strong>&#8220;. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32 (11): 2213–2227. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb01860.x.</p>
<p><em>Experiment 1:</em></p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 40 Jugendliche (durschn. Alter: 15.5 Jahre; 20 Mädchen)<br />
&#8211; Coverstory: &#8220;Wir interessieren uns dafür, wie sich unterschiedliche Motivationslagen auf die visuelle Erinnerungsfähigkeit auswirken.&#8221;<br />
&#8211; Alle Probanden sahen eine 18 minütige Simpsons-Folge<br />
a) mit subliminalen Stimuli (12 x Cola-Dose, 12 x &#8220;thirsty&#8221;; Darbietungszeit 33ms)<br />
b) ohne subliminale Stimuli (weißes Bild; Darbietungszeit 33ms)</p>
<p>Problem:<br />
&#8211; vielleicht führte die Darbietung des Wortes &#8220;thirsty&#8221; dazu, dass dieses Wort bei der nachfolgenden Befragung präsenter war. In Wirklichkeit waren die Probanden also gar nicht durstiger&#8230;?</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;</p>
<p><em>Experiment 2 (Replikation von Experiment 1):</em></p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 45 Schüler (24 weiblich, 21 männlich)<br />
&#8211; Coverstory: &#8220;Es geht um die Fähigkeit, sich an visuelle Stimuli zu erinnnern.&#8221;<br />
&#8211; Die Probanden sahen die gleich Simpsons-Episode wie in Experiment 1<br />
a) mit subliminalen Stimuli (12 x Cola-Dose, 12 x &#8220;Bild eines durstigen Boxers; Sugar Ray Leonard&#8221;; Darbietungszeit 33ms)<br />
b) ohne subliminale Stimuli (weißes Bild; Darbietungszeit 33ms)</p>
<p><strong>3. Effekte wenn ein Bedürfnis vorhanden ist</strong></p>
<p>Karremans, J.; Stroebe, W.; Claus, J. (2006). &#8220;<strong>Beyond Vicary&#8217;s fantasies: the impact of subliminal priming and brand choice</strong>&#8220;. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 42 (6): 792–798. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.002</p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen (<em>Experiment 2</em>): 105 Studenten (32 Männer, 73 Frauen)<br />
&#8211; Durst-Manipulation: Im Rahmen einer vermeindlichen Pilotstudie (&#8220;tongue detection task&#8221;) erhielt eine Hälfte der Probanden einen salzigen Drops =&gt; Durst<br />
1. (vermeindliche) Visual Detection Task<br />
&#8211; Die Probanden sollten zuerst die Wahrnehmungsaufgabe (Visual Detection Task) bearbeiten. Dabei wurden ihnen subliminal unterschiedliche Stimuli präsentiert:<br />
a) &#8220;Lipton Ice&#8221; (Experimentalgruppe)<br />
b) &#8220;Npeic Tol&#8221; (Kontrollgruppe)<br />
<span class="footNote"><span class="footNote">2. Consumer Behaviour<br />
&#8211; In der darauffolgenden Studie zum &#8220;Konsumentenverhalten&#8221; wurden die Probanden befragt, ob sie lieber &#8220;Lipton Ice&#8221; oder &#8220;Spa Rood&#8221; trinken würden. </span></span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>4. Auch ohne Bedürfnis?</strong></p>
<p>Veltkamp, M., Aarts, H., &amp; Custers, R. (2011). <strong>Motivating consumer behavior by subliminal conditioning in the absence of basic needs: Striking even while the iron is cold.</strong> Journal of Consumer Psychology, 21, 49–56. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2010.09.011</p>
<p><em>Experiment 1:<br />
</em><br />
&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 65 Studenten<br />
&#8211; Coverstory: &#8220;Es geht um Wahrnehmung und Produktbeurteilung&#8221;<br />
&#8211; Ablauf:<br />
1. Durstmanipulation: Alle Probanden sollten zwei salzige Kräcker essen und diese bewerten.<br />
2. Einer Hälfte der Probanden wurde Wasser zur Verfügung gestellt um ihren Durst zu löschen (Low Deprivation). Die andere Hälfte erhielt kein Wasser (High Deprivation).<br />
3. (vermeintliche) Wahrnehmungsaufgabe: Die Probanden sollten kurz eingeblendete Punkte entdecken (dot detection task). Während dieser Aufgabe wurden (subliminale) Trinkwörter (drinking, glas, water) mit positiven (smile, good, nice,&#8230;) oder neutralen (thus, when, such,&#8230;) Wörtern dargeboten.<br />
4. (vermeintliche) Produktbeurteilung: Drei unterschiedlich geformte Gläser mit je 100g Wasser sollten getestet werden (hinstichtlich Form, Handlichkeit, &#8230;)</p>
<p>Ergebnisse:<br />
&#8211; Versuchspersonen, die zuvor getrunken hatten (kein Trinkbedürfnis hatten), tranken nachdem sie subliminale &#8220;Trinkwörter&#8221; gepaart mit positiven Wörtern gesehen hatten deutlich mehr.<br />
&#8211; In der Gruppe der Durstigen (High Deprivation) führte die Kombination von subliminalen &#8220;Trinkwörtern&#8221; und positiven Wörtern zu keiner weiteren Steigerung.</p>
<p>Kritik:<br />
&#8211; geringe Versuchspersonenzahl (pro Gruppe ca. 16)</p>
<hr />
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><em>Experiment 2:</em></p>
<p>&#8211; Versuchspersonen: 82 Studenten<br />
&#8211; Coverstory: &#8220;Es geht um das Verhältnis von Essen/Trinken und der Leistung in einem Konzentrationstest&#8230;&#8221;<br />
&#8211; den Probanden wurden im Vorfeld gebeten, zwei Stunden vor dem Experiment nichts mehr zu essen und zu trinken<br />
&#8211; Ablauf:<br />
1. Die Probanden sollten zunächst die vermeindliche Konzentrationsaufgabe (dot detection task; siehe <em>Experiment 1</em>) bewältigen.<br />
2. Durstmanipulation: Eine Hälfte erhielt eine Gurke zu essen (200g; besteht zu 192g aus Wasser). Die andere Gruppe erhielt eine 4 minütige Pause.<br />
3. Alle Probanden erhielten ein Glas und eine Kanne mit 700g Wasser. Sie konnten so viel Wasser trinken, wie sie wollten.</p>
<p>Ergebnisse:<br />
&#8211; Wenn Versuchspersonen ihren Durst mithilfe der Gurke hatten stillen können, tranken sie dennoch mehr Wasser, wenn die subliminalen &#8220;Trinkwörter&#8221; mit positiven Wörtern präsentiert worden waren.</p>
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