Obwohl wir Liebe häufig für ein magisches und schicksalhaftes Phänomen halten, ist sie doch in starkem Maße auch von äußeren Umständen abhängig. Ein klassisches Experiment aus der Psychologie, in welchem Männer eine Frau auf einer furchteinflößenden Hängebrücke kennenlernten, verdeutlicht, dass aufregende Situationen romantische Gefühle verstärken können.
(Dutton, D. G., & Aron, A. P. (1974). Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. Journal of personality and social psychology, 30(4), 510)

Zwei prominente Erklärungsansätze lauten:

1. Response-Facilitation: Die Erregung verstärkt unsere Reaktion.

2. Fehlattribution: Die Erregung wird von uns falsch interpretiert.

Keywords: Psychologie – Liebe – Gefühle – Verführung – Beeinflussung – Sozialpsychologie – Flirten – Date

Besprochene Studien:

Foster, C. A., Witcher, B. S., Campbell, K. W., & Green, J. D. (1998). Arousal and attraction: Evidence for automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 86-101. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.86

Dutton, D. G., & Aron, A. P. (1974). Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. Journal of personality and social psychology, 30(4), 510.

Lewandowski, G., & Aron, A. (2004). Distinguishing arousal from novelty and challenge in initial romantic attraction between strangers. Social Behavior and Personality, 32(4), 361-372.

• 1,5kg Gewichte um die Fußgelenke während eines Spiels; die größere Anstrengung führte zu mehr Arousal- > die Partner wurden als attraktiver eingestuft.

Literatur

White, G. L., Fishbein, S., & Rutstein, J. (1981). Passionate low and the misattribution of arousal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 41 (1), 56–62.

Aron, A., Norman, C.C., Aron, E.N., McKenna, C., & Heyman, R. (2000). Couples’ shared participation in novel and arousing activ- ities and experienced relationship quality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 , 273–284.

Allen, J; Kenrick, D; Linder, D; McCall, M (1989). “Arousal and attraction: A response-facilitation alternative to misattribution and negative-reinforcement models”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57: 261–270.

White, G. L., & Kight, T. D. (1984). Misattribution of arousal and attraction: Effects of salience of explanations for arousal. Journal of Experimental social psychology, 1(20), 55-66. doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(84)90012-X

Foster, C. A., Witcher, B. S., Campbell, K. W., & Green, J. D. (1998). Arousal and attraction: Evidence for automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 86-101. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.86

Kenrick, D. T., Cialdini, R., & Linder, D. (1979). Misattribution under Fear-Producing Circumstance: Four Failures to Replicate. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5(3), 329-334

Dutton, D. G., & Aron, A. P. (1974). Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. Journal of personality and social psychology, 30(4), 510.

Carducci, B. J., Cozby, P. C, & Ward, C. D. (1978). Sexual arousal and interpersonal evaluations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 449-457.

Meston, C. M., & Frohlich, P. F. (2003). Love at first fright: Partner salience moderates roller-coaster-induced excitation transfer. Archives of sexual behavior, 32(6), 537-544.

Cohen, B.,Waugh, G.,&Place, K. (1989). At the movies: An unobtrusive study of arousal-attraction. Journal of Social Psychology, 129, 691– 693.

Lewandowski, G., & Aron, A. (2004). Distinguishing arousal from novelty and challenge in initial romantic attraction between strangers. Social Behavior and Personality, 32(4), 361-372.

In fast allen Lebensbereichen werden Menschen mit gutem Aussehen bevorzugt behandelt.  In dieser Episode werfen wir einen Blick auf die (äußerst seltenen) Fälle, in denen attraktive Menschen benachteiligt werden.

Keywords:  Attraktivität – Schönheit – Sozialpsychologie – Halo Effekt – Psychologie – Gehirn – Bewerbungsgespräch – Bewerbung – Eifersucht

Johnson, S.K., Podratz, K.E, Dipboye, R.L., Gibbons, E. (2010). Physical Attractiveness Biases in Ratings of Employment Suitability: Tracking Down the ‘Beauty is Beastly’ Effect. The Journal of Social Psychology. 150 (3): 301 DOI: 10.1080/00224540903365414

– Versuchspersonen sollten anhand von Portrait-Fotos beurteilen, für wie geeignet die Personen für unterschiedliche Jobs seien.

– “what is beautiful is good”- Stereotyp wurde weitgehend bestätigt

– Ausnahme: Bei männerdominierten Jobs (Bauleiter, Gefängniswärter, Abschleppfahrzeug-Fahrer), in denen das Aussehen keine Rolle spielt, wurden attraktive Frauen als weniger geeignet angesehen

– Bei Männern gab es diesen Effekt nicht

Agthe M, Spörrle M, & Maner JK (2011). Does being attractive always help? Positive and negative effects of attractiveness on social decision making. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 37 (8), 1042-54 PMID: 21636731

3 Experimente (insgesamt 777 Versuchspersonen):

1.) Versuchspersonen sollten anhand von Bewerbungsunterlagen (+Passfoto) die Eignung eines/einer Job-Aspiranten/-in beurteilen. Zudem: Inwieweit wären Sie an sozialen Interaktionen mit dieser Person interessiert?
Ergebnisse:
– Sehr attraktive Vertreter des anderen Geschlechts wurden deutlich bevorzugt.
– Aber: attraktive Vertreter des eigenen Geschlechts wurden benachteiligt!

2.) Versuchspersonen sahen fünf minütiges Interview mit einem/einer Universitätsbewerber/-in. Darauf sollten sie angeben, ob sie empfehlen würden, die Bewerberin/ den Bewerber für die Uni zuzulassen. Zudem: Inwieweit wären Sie an sozialen Interaktionen mit dieser Person interessiert?
Ergebnisse:
– Sehr attraktive Vertreter des anderen Geschlechts wurden deutlich bevorzugt.
– Aber: attraktive Vertreter des eigenen Geschlechts wurden benachteiligt!

3.) Versuchspersonen erhielten Infos bzgl. Berufserfolg + Passfoto. Anhand der Informationen sollten die Probanden einschätzen, inwieweit der Karriereerfolg der Bewerberin/ des Bewerbers auf seine/ihre a) Fähigkeiten, b) Intelligenz c) Talent d) Fertigkeiten zurückzuführen sei.
Zudem wurde das Selbstwertgefühl der Probanden erfasst.
Ergebnisse:
– Sehr attraktive Vertreter des anderen Geschlechts wurden deutlich positiver bewertet.
– Der “negative bias” gegenüber schönen Vertretern des eigenen Geschlechts erreichte nicht das Signifikanzniveau.
Aber: Versuchspersonen mit niedrigem Selbstwertgefühl bewerteten sehr attraktive Vetreter des eigenen Geschlechts deutlich schlechter.

Maner, J. K., Miller, S. L., Rouby, D. A., & Gailliot, M. T. (2009). Intrasexual vigilance: The implicit cognition of romantic rivalry. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 74-87.

4 Priming-Experimente (insgesamt 576 Versuchspersonen):

1.) Chronisch eifersüchtige Probanden widmeten attraktiven Vertretern des eigenen Geschlechts mehr Aufmerksamkeit.

2.) Beim Memory-Spielen wurden die potentiellen Rivalen am leichtesten gemerkt.

3.) und 4.) Chronisch eifersüchtige Probanden zeigten implizite negative Einstellungen gegenüber attraktiven Rivalen.

Literatur

Agthe M, Spörrle M, & Maner JK (2011). Does being attractive always help? Positive and negative effects of attractiveness on social decision making. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 37 (8), 1042-54 PMID: 21636731

Agthe,  M.,  Spörrle,  M.,  &  Maner,  J.  K.  (2010).  Don’t  hate  me  because  I’m  beautiful:  Anti-attractiveness  bias  in  organizational evaluation and decision making. Journal of Experimental  Social Psychology, 46, 1151-1154.

Agthe, M., Spörrle, M., Frey, D., Walper, S. & Maner, J. K. (2013). When romance and rivalry awaken. Attractiveness-based social judgment biases emerge at adolescence. Human Nature, 24(2), 182-195.

Asch. S. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 41, 258-290.  Ballew, C. C., & Todorov, A. (2007). Predicting political elections from rapid and unreflective face judgments.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 17948–17953.

Benson, P. L., Karabenic, S. A., & Lerner, R. M. (1976). Pretty pleases: The effects of physical attractiveness, race, and sex on receiving help. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 409-415.

Berggren, Niclas, Henrik Jordahl, and Panu Poutvaara. 2010. “The Looks of a Winner: Beauty and Electoral Success.” Journal of Public Economics94(1–2): 8–15.

Budesheim, T. L., & DePaola, S. J. (1994). Beauty or the beast? The effects of appearance, personality, and issue information on evaluations of political candidates. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 339-348.

Braun, S., Peus, C. & Frey, D. (2012). Is Beauty Beastly? Gender-Specific Effects of Leader Attractiveness and Leadership Style on Followers’ Trust and Loyality. Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology, 220(2), 98-108.

Carpinella, C.M., & Johnson, K.L., Appearance-basedpolitics: Sex-typed facial cues communicatepolitical party affiliation, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology(2012),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.009

Castellow, W. A., Wuensch, K. L., & Moore, C. H. (1990). Effects of physical attractiveness of the plaintiff and defendant in sexual harassment judgments. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 547-562.

Chaiken, S. (1979). Communicator physical attractiveness and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 547-562.

Dermer, M.; Thiel, D.L (1975). “When beauty may fail”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31 (6): 1168–1176.

DeSantis, A., and W.A. Kayson (1997). “Defendants’Characteristics of Attractiveness, Race, and Sex and Sentencing Decisions,” Psychological Reports, 81 (2), 679- 683.

DeWall, C.N., Maner, J.K. DeWall, C.N., & Maner, J.K. (2008) High status men (but not women) capture the eye of the beholder. Evolutionary Psychology, 6, 328-341.  Dion, Karen; Ellen Berscheid, Elaine Walster. “What Is Beautiful is Good”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3 (24): 285–290.

Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., & Longo, L. C. (1991). What is beautiful is good but . . .: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 109-128.

Efran, M. G. “The Effect of Physical Appearance on the Judgment of Guilt, Interpersonal Attraction, and Severity of Recommended Punishment in Simulated Jury Task”. Journal of Research in Personality 8: 45–54.

Elovitz GP, Salvia J. Attractiveness as a biasing factor in the judgments of school psychologists. Journal of School Psychology. 1982;20:339–345.  Feingold, A. (1992). Good-looking people are not what we think.Psychological Bulletin, 111, 304–341.

Försterling, F., Preikschas, S., & Agthe, M. (2007). Ability, luck, and looks: An evolutionary look at achievement ascriptions and  the sexual attribution bias. Journal of Personality and Social  Psychology, 92, 775-788.

Hammermesh, D., & Biddle, J. E. (1994). Beauty and the labor market. The American Economic Review, 84, 1174-1194.

Hosoda, M., Stone-Romero, E. F., & Coats, G. (2003). The effect of physical attractiveness on job-related outcomes: A meta-analysis of experimental studies. Personnel Psychology, 56, 431-462.

Johnson, S.K., Podratz, K.E, Dipboye, R.L., Gibbons, E. (2010). Physical Attractiveness Biases in Ratings of Employment Suitability: Tracking Down the ‘Beauty is Beastly’ Effect. The Journal of Social Psychology. 150 (3): 301 DOI: 10.1080/00224540903365414

Judge, T.A., Hurst, C., & Simon, L. (2009). Does it pay to be smart, attractive, or confident (or all three)?: Relationships among general mental ability, physical attractiveness, core self-evaluations, and income. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 742-755.

Kaplan, Robert M. (1978). “Is Beauty Talent? Sex Interaction in the Attractiveness Halo Effect”. Sex Roles 4 (2): 195–204.  Klein, Markus, and Ulrich Rosar. 2005. “Physische Attraktivit¨ Und Wahlerfolg. Eine Empirische Analyse Am Beispiel Der Wahlkreiskandidaten Bei Der Bundestagswahl 2002.”Politische Vierteljahresschrift 46(2): 263–87.

Kulka, R. A., & Kessler, J. R. (1978). Is justice really blind? The effect of litigant physical attractiveness on judicial judgment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 4, 336-381.

Kurtzberg, R., Safar, H. & Cavior, N. (1968). Surgical and social rehabilitation of adult offenders. Proceedings of the 76th Annual Convention of The American Psychological Association.

Landy, D.; Sigall, H. “Task Evaluation as a Function of the Performers’ Physical Attractiveness”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 29 (3): 299–304.

Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., & Smoot, M. (2000). Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 126,390 – 423.

Lawson, C., Lenz, G. S., Baker, A., & Myers, M. (2010). Looking like a winner: Candidate appearance and electoral success in new democracies.World Politics, 62, 561–593.

Lemay, E. P., Jr., Clark, M. S., & Greenberg, A. (2010). What is beautiful is good because what is beautiful is desired: Physical attractiveness stereotyping as projection of interpersonal goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 339-353.

Lenz, Gabriel S. and Chappell Lawson. 2011. “Looking the Part: Television Leads Less Informed Citizens to Vote Based on Candidates’ Appearance.” American Journal of Political Science 55(3):574–589.

McKinstry BH, Cameron HS, Elton RA, Riley SC. Leniency and halo effects in marking undergraduate short research projects. BMC Med Educ. 2004;4(1):28. doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-4-28.

Mack, D., & Rainey, D. (1990). Female applicants’ grooming and personnel selection. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 399-407.

Maner, J. K., Gailliot, M. T., Rouby, D. A., & Miller, S. L. (2007).  Can’t  take  my  eyes  off  you:  Attentional  adhesion  to  mates  and rivals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93,  389-401.

Maner, J. K., Miller, S. L., Rouby, D. A., & Gailliot, M. T. (2009).  Intrasexual vigilance: The implicit cognition of romantic rivalry.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 74-87.

Moore, F. R.; Filippou, D., Perrett, D. (2011). “Intelligence and Attractiveness in the Face: Beyond the Attractiveness Halo Effect”. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology 9 (3): 205–217.

Myers, D.G. (2008). Psychologie. Berlin: Springer.  Olivola, C. Y., & Todorov, A. (2010). Fooled byfirst impressions? Reexamining the diagnostic value of appearance-based inferences.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 315–324.

Ostrove, Nancy; Sigall, Harold (1975). “Beautiful but Dangerous: Effects of Offender Attractiveness an Nature of the Crime on Juridic Judgment”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31 (3): 410–414.

Parks, F. R., & Kennedy, J. H. (2007). The impact of race, physical attractiveness, and gender on education majors’ and teachers’ perceptions of student competence. Journal of Black Studies, 37, 936-943.

Patry MW (2008). Attractive but guilty: deliberation and the physical attractiveness bias. Psychol Rep 102 (3): 727-33.

Persico, N., Postlewaite, A., and Silverman, D. 2004. ‘The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height’, Journal of Political Economy, 112: 1019– 1053.

Ritts, V., Patterson, M. L., & Tubbs, M. E. (1992). Expectations, impressions, and judgments of physically attractive students: A review. Review of Educational Research, 62, 413-426.

Rule, N. O., Ambady, N., Adams, R. B., Jr., Ozono, H., Nakashima, S., Yoshikawa, S., et al. (2010). Polling the face: Prediction and consensus across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98,1–15.

Schmitt, M. (1992). Schönheit und Talent: Untersuchungen zum Verschwinden des Halo-Effekts. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie, 39, 475-492.

Shannon, M. L. & Stark, C. P. (2003). The influence of physical appearance on personnel selection. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 613-624.

Stewart, J. E. II. (1980). Defendant’s attractiveness as a factor in the outcome of trials. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10, 348-361.  Th orndike, E.L. (1920) A constant error in psychological rating. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4, 25–29.

Todorov, A., Mandisodza, A., Goren, A., & Hall, C. (2005). Inferences of competence from faces predict election outcomes.Science, 308, 1623–1626.

Wade, T., & DiMaria, C. (2003). Weight halo effects: Individual differences in perceived life success as a function of women’s race and weight. Sex Roles, 48(9-10), 461-465. doi:10.1023/A:1023582629538

Wuensch, K. L., Chia, R. C., Castellow, W. A., Chuang, C.-J., & Cheng, B.-S. (1993). Effects of physical attractiveness, sex, and type of crime on mock juror decisions: A replication with Chinese students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 414-427.

Wuensch, K. L., Castellow , W . A., & Moore, C. H. (1991). Effects of defendant attractiveness and type of crime on juridic judgment . The Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 6 , 713-724.

Zebrowitz, L.A., Hall, J.A., Murphy, N.A., & Rhodes, G. (2002) Looking smart and looking good: Facial cues to intelligence and their origins. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 238-249.