Therapy Without a Heart: Why Even Psychologists Fall for AI 🤖

Are machines becoming better listeners? A 2025 study investigated in a scientific blind test how well Artificial Intelligence can give therapeutic advice compared to real experts. The AI used was based on the GPT-4 language model. The result is absolutely mind-blowing!

Key Facts from the Experiment:

• AI Wins on Emotions: The AI’s responses were rated significantly more empathetic than those of real therapists, especially regarding emotional and motivational empathy.
• Equal Quality: In terms of scientific quality and cognitive empathy, the AI and the experts were completely on par.
• Flying Blind: The participating psychologists could not reliably distinguish whether a text was written by the AI or a human colleague.
• The Illusion (Bias): When test subjects believed a text came from an expert, they preferred it over 93 percent of the time—regardless of whether it was actually written by a human.

Important Limitations: Despite the excitement, science puts the results into perspective:

• Not Real Therapy: The AI merely answered one-off advice column letters. This cannot replace real psychotherapy, as it lacks the foundation of a genuine therapeutic relationship and human trust.
• Risk of Loneliness: Those who get too used to an always-agreeing AI might struggle with human conflicts in real life. A longitudinal study suggests that excessive use of AI for social companionship can actually make people lonelier in the long run.
• Data Privacy: Currently, highly intimate problems are often processed on the servers of large tech companies, which poses a clear privacy risk.

Despite these limitations, the development is rapid: Around 22.2% of 18- to 21-year-olds in the US already turn to AI for emotional distress. Furthermore, initial studies show that special AI therapy bots are already showing success in alleviating symptoms of depression and anxiety.

📚 Sources:

Main Study (Blind Test AI vs. Experts): Föyen, L. F. et al. (2025). Artificial intelligence vs. human expert… Internet Interventions, 41.

Therapy Chatbot (Therabot Study): Heinz, M.V. et al. (2025). Evaluating therabot: a randomized control trial… NEJM AI.

Longitudinal Study (AI & Loneliness): Folk, D., & Dunn, E. How does turning to AI for companionship predict loneliness and vice versa? (Preprint).

Usage Frequency Survey: McBain, R.K. et al. (2025). Use of Generative AI for Mental Health Advice Among US Adolescents and Young Adults. JAMA Network Open.

#ArtificialIntelligence #Psychology #ComfortWithoutAHeart #Science #Psychotherapy #ChatGPT #Therabot

Can dancing alleviate depression? A groundbreaking study by Noetel et al. (2024) in the BMJ suggests so! It analyzed 218 randomized controlled trials and found that dancing is one of the most effective forms of exercise for combating depression.  Why? It combines mood-lifting music, social support from being in a group, and physical activity – all of which are boosts for mental health!

But a word of caution: The findings are based on a small number of studies, primarily involving women, and could be influenced by outliers. Therefore, it is worthwhile to look closely at the individual studies. Nevertheless, dancing is promising – and the study reminds us to carefully examine research findings. Even more exciting insights can be found in the video.

Studies (a small selection):

• Barranco-Ruiz, Y., & Villa-González, E. (2020). Health-related physical fitness benefits in sedentary women employees after an exercise intervention with Zumba Fitness®. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2632.
• Domene, P. A., Moir, H. J., Pummell, E., Knox, A., & Easton, C. (2016). The health-enhancing efficacy of Zumba® fitness: An 8-week randomised controlled study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34(15), 1396-1404.
• Fountoulakis, K. N., & Möller, H. J. (2011). Efficacy of antidepressants: a re-analysis and re-interpretation of the Kirsch data. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 14(3), 405-412.
• Kirsch, I. (2015). Antidepressants and the placebo effect. Zeitschrift für Psychologie.
• Noetel, M., Sanders, T., Gallardo-Gómez, D., Taylor, P., del Pozo Cruz, B., Van Den Hoek, D., … & Lonsdale, C. (2024). Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 384.
• Norouzi, E., Hosseini, F., Vaezmosavi, M., Gerber, M., Pühse, U., & Brand, S. (2020). Zumba dancing and aerobic exercise can improve working memory, motor function, and depressive symptoms in female patients with Fibromyalgia. European Journal of Sport Science, 20(7), 981-991.
• Kumaat, N. A., Rusdiawan, A., Dafun JR, P. B., Wahyudi, H., Arfanda, P. E., Wijaya, F. J. M., … & Artanty, A. (2025). Comparative effects of Zumba and Yoga on stress, body satisfaction, and self-esteem in working women: a randomized control trial. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 29(3), 160-171.

In this video, we explore how changing the way we talk to ourselves can help reduce anxiety. Based on a study by Kross et al. (2014), using third-person language or addressing yourself by name, rather than using “I”, creates emotional distance that helps to calm the mind. Whether you’re facing social anxiety, stress from public speaking, or just everyday worries, learning to adjust your internal dialogue can make a big difference. Watch to learn more about how small changes in self-talk can have a powerful impact on your mental health.
The study by Ethan Kross and his colleagues (2014), published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, investigates how using different forms of self-talk (first-person vs. non-first-person) influences emotional regulation, especially under stressful conditions. The key finding is that using non-first-person pronouns (like “you” or one’s own name) helps create psychological distance, which aids in regulating emotions and reduces stress more effectively than using first-person pronouns like “I”. This self-distancing mechanism can reduce anxiety, improve performance in stressful situations, and help people view future stressors as challenges rather than threats. This method is particularly useful even for individuals with social anxiety, showing broad applicability.

Hashtags:

#MentalHealth #AnxietyRelief #SelfTalk #EmotionalRegulation #StressManagement #PsychologyTips #AnxietyHelp #MindsetShift #SelfImprovement #PublicSpeakingAnxiety
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Studies (small sample only):

Gainsburg, I., Sowden, W. J., Drake, B., Herold, W., & Kross, E. (2022). Distanced self-talk increases rational self-interest. Scientific reports, 12(1), 511.

Gainsburg, I., & Kross, E. (2020). Distanced self-talk changes how people conceptualize the self. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 88, 103969.

Kross, E., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Park, J., Burson, A., Dougherty, A., Shablack, H., … & Ayduk, O. (2014). Self-talk as a regulatory mechanism: how you do it matters. Journal of personality and social psychology, 106(2), 304.

Kross, E., Vickers, B. D., Orvell, A., Gainsburg, I., Moran, T. P., Boyer, M., … & Ayduk, O. (2017). Third‐person self‐talk reduces Ebola worry and risk perception by enhancing rational thinking. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 9(3), 387-409.

Moser, J. S., Dougherty, A., Mattson, W. I., Katz, B., Moran, T. P., Guevarra, D., … & Kross, E. (2017). Third-person self-talk facilitates emotion regulation without engaging cognitive control: Converging evidence from ERP and fMRI. Scientific reports, 7(1), 4519.

Orvell, A., Vickers, B. D., Drake, B., Verduyn, P., Ayduk, O., Moser, J., … & Kross, E. (2021). Does distanced self-talk facilitate emotion regulation across a range of emotionally intense experiences?. Clinical Psychological Science, 9(1), 68-78.

Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological bulletin, 138(4), 775.

A thought experiment:

Imagine you had to write down the following sentence:

“My mother will win a million euros in the lottery tomorrow.”

So far so simple. Now imagine you have to write down another sentence:

“My mother will die tomorrow.”

You probably found the second idea much more difficult. Because you shouldn’t write something like that. It’s best not to think something like that in the first place. Because thoughts are powerful, aren’t they?

But more and more studies suggest that the conviction (metacognition) that thoughts are powerful and uncontrollable contributes to the development and maintenance of mental disorders such as depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, etc. For example, anyone who is convinced that a thought such as “My mother/father could die soon.” is not just a thought, but a dark premonition that will materialize because we had this thought, with most likely feelings of anxiety, guilt and depression. If, on the other hand, we realize that thoughts are often nothing more than insignificant “brain farts”, of which we produce thousands every day, we remain relaxed and unimpressed. modern psychotherapy – especially metacognitive therapy – also makes use of these insights and achieves sometimes unprecedented therapeutic success…

ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY is one of the most exciting advances in psychotherapy. According to recent studies, ACT has achieved similar “cure rates” in the treatment of anxiety and depression as the proven Cognitive Behavioral Therapy …

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Studies (only a small selection):

Arch, J. J., Eifert, G. H., Davies, C., Vilardaga, J. C. P., Rose, R. D., & Craske, M. G. (2012). Randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) versus acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for mixed anxiety disorders. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 80(5), 750.

Han, A., Yuen, H. K., & Jenkins, J. (2021). Acceptance and commitment therapy for family caregivers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(1), 82-102.

Ong, C. W., Lee, E. B., & Twohig, M. P. (2018). A meta-analysis of dropout rates in acceptance and commitment therapy. Behaviour research and therapy, 104, 14-33.

Fang, S., & Ding, D. (2020). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy for children. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 15, 225-234.

Bai, Z., Luo, S., Zhang, L., Wu, S., & Chi, I. (2020). Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) to reduce depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 260, 728-737.

Can magnesium help against anxiety and depression? Countless research studies have already been devoted to this question. However, only a few of these studies are of high quality (randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled). In the video, we take a look at some of the most interesting and informative studies…
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Studies (small sample only):

Barić, H., Đorđević, V., Cerovečki, I., & Trkulja, V. (2018). Complementary and alternative medicine treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Advances in therapy, 35(3), 261-288.

Botturi, A., Ciappolino, V., Delvecchio, G., Boscutti, A., Viscardi, B., & Brambilla, P. (2020). The role and the effect of magnesium in mental disorders: a systematic review. Nutrients, 12(6), 1661.

Burck, E. (2021). Naturtherapie bei Angst und Depression: Die erstaunliche Wirkung von Heilkräutern, gesunder Ernährung und anderen natürlichen Therapien auf Gehirn und Stimmung im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Antidepressiva. BoD–Books on Demand.

Fard, F. E., Mirghafourvand, M., Mohammad-Alizadeh Charandabi, S., Farshbaf-Khalili, A., Javadzadeh, Y., & Asgharian, H. (2017). Effects of zinc and magnesium supplements on postpartum depression and anxiety: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Women & health, 57(9), 1115-1128.

De Souza, M. C., Walker, A. F., Robinson, P. A., & Bolland, K. (2000). A synergistic effect of a daily supplement for 1 month of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 for the relief of anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Journal of women’s health & gender-based medicine, 9(2), 131-139.

Grases, G., Pérez-Castelló, J. A., Sanchis, P., Casero, A., Perelló, J., Isern, B., … & Grases, F. (2006). Anxiety and stress among science students. Study of calcium and magnesium alterations. Magnesium research, 19(2), 102-106.

Cheungpasitporn, W., Thongprayoon, C., Mao, M. A., Srivali, N., Ungprasert, P., Varothai, N., … & Erickson, S. B. (2015). Hypomagnesaemia linked to depression: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Internal medicine journal, 45(4), 436-440.

Hanus, M., Lafon, J., & Mathieu, M. (2004). Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a fixed combination containing two plant extracts (Crataegus oxyacantha and Eschscholtzia californica) and magnesium in mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders. Current medical research and opinion, 20(1), 63-71.

Phelan, D., Molero, P., Martínez-González, M. A., & Molendijk, M. (2018). Magnesium and mood disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJPsych open, 4(4), 167-179.

Rajizadeh, A., Mozaffari-Khosravi, H., Yassini-Ardakani, M., & Dehghani, A. (2017). Effect of magnesium supplementation on depression status in depressed patients with magnesium deficiency: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition, 35, 56-60.

Li, B., Lv, J., Wang, W., & Zhang, D. (2017). Dietary magnesium and calcium intake and risk of depression in the general population: A meta-analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 51(3), 219-229.

Sun, C., Wang, R., Li, Z., & Zhang, D. (2019). Dietary magnesium intake and risk of depression. Journal of affective disorders, 246, 627-632.

You, H. J., Cho, S. E., Kang, S. G., Cho, S. J., & Na, K. S. (2018). Decreased serum magnesium levels in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nordic journal of psychiatry, 72(7), 534-541.

For decades, scientists have been searching for differences in the bodies of depressed and healthy people. For many years, however, the hoped-for breakthrough failed to materialize. However, a flood of recent research provides reason for hope. The hottest current clue is that depression could be caused by inflammations in the body. Even if the causal question has not yet been fully clarified, this could lead to promising new therapeutic approaches in the coming years. But some things can already be implemented now…

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Research (just a small selection):

Berk, M., Williams, L. J., Jacka, F. N., O’Neil, A., Pasco, J. A., Moylan, S., … & Maes, M. (2013). So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from?. BMC medicine, 11(1), 1-16.

Beurel, E., Toups, M., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2020). The bidirectional relationship of depression and inflammation: double trouble. Neuron, 107(2), 234-256.

Burck, E. (2021). Naturtherapie bei Angst und Depression: Die erstaunliche Wirkung von Heilkräutern, gesunder Ernährung und anderen natürlichen Therapien auf Gehirn und Stimmung im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Antidepressiva. BoD–Books on Demand.

Fisker, L., Köhler-Forsberg, O., & Hageman, I. (2018). The relation between depression and inflammation. Ugeskrift for laeger, 180(20).

Halaris, A. (2013). Inflammation, heart disease, and depression. Current psychiatry reports, 15(10), 400.

Halaris, A. (2019). Inflammation and depression but where does the inflammation come from?. Current opinion in psychiatry, 32(5), 422-428.

Jokela, M., Virtanen, M., Batty, G. D., & Kivimäki, M. (2016). Inflammation and specific symptoms of depression. JAMA psychiatry, 73(1), 87-88.

Kohler, O., Krogh, J., Mors, O., & Eriksen Benros, M. (2016). Inflammation in depression and the potential for anti-inflammatory treatment. Current neuropharmacology, 14(7), 732-742.

Majd, M., Saunders, E. F., & Engeland, C. G. (2020). Inflammation and the dimensions of depression: A review. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 56, 100800.

Miller, A. H., & Raison, C. L. (2016). The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nature reviews immunology, 16(1), 22-34.

Patel, A. (2013). The role of inflammation in depression. Psychiatr Danub, 25(Suppl 2), S216-23.

Raison, C. L., Capuron, L., & Miller, A. H. (2006). Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends in immunology, 27(1), 24-31.

Strawbridge, R., Arnone, D., Danese, A., Papadopoulos, A., Vives, A. H., & Cleare, A. J. (2015). Inflammation and clinical response to treatment in depression: a meta-analysis. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 25(10), 1532-1543.

Even though our lives would certainly be dull and boring without emotions, everyone has probably wished at some point that he or she no longer had to bear a negative emotion (e.g., fear, sadness, or anger) or at least to be able to mitigate it. Fortunately, after decades of research, hundreds of studies are available from which we can learn which emotion regulation strategies really work and which strategies are even counterproductive! In this short 12-minute video, you will learn the essence of this research based on huge studies (meta-analyses).
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Studies (small sample only):

Augustine, A. A., & Hemenover, S. H. (2009). On the relative effectiveness of affect regulation strategies: A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 23(6), 1181-1220.

Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical psychology review, 30(2), 217-237.

Buhle, J. T., Silvers, J. A., Wager, T. D., Lopez, R., Onyemekwu, C., Kober, H., … & Ochsner, K. N. (2014). Cognitive reappraisal of emotion: a meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies. Cerebral cortex, 24(11), 2981-2990.

Compas, B. E., Jaser, S. S., Bettis, A. H., Watson, K. H., Gruhn, M. A., Dunbar, J. P., … & Thigpen, J. C. (2017). Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review. Psychological bulletin, 143(9), 939.

Hu, T., Zhang, D., Wang, J., Mistry, R., Ran, G., & Wang, X. (2014). Relation between emotion regulation and mental health: a meta-analysis review. Psychological reports, 114(2), 341-362.

Kross, E., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Park, J., Burson, A., Dougherty, A., Shablack, H., … & Ayduk, O. (2014). Self-talk as a regulatory mechanism: how you do it matters. Journal of personality and social psychology, 106(2), 304.

Levitt, J. T., Brown, T. A., Orsillo, S. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2004). The effects of acceptance versus suppression of emotion on subjective and psychophysiological response to carbon dioxide challenge in patients with panic disorder. Behavior therapy, 35(4), 747-766.

Liverant, G. I., Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H., & Roemer, L. (2008). Emotion regulation in unipolar depression: The effects of acceptance and suppression of subjective emotional experience on the intensity and duration of sadness and negative affect. Behaviour research and therapy, 46(11), 1201-1209.

Moser, J. S., Dougherty, A., Mattson, W. I., Katz, B., Moran, T. P., Guevarra, D., … & Kross, E. (2017). Third-person self-talk facilitates emotion regulation without engaging cognitive control: Converging evidence from ERP and fMRI. Scientific reports, 7(1), 1-9.

Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological bulletin, 138(4), 775.

Can you overcome depression by climbing to new mood heights? A brand new study by German researchers aims to answer this question. To do this, subjects with depression were randomly assigned to three different groups:

1. BOULDERING THERAPY

2. COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY

3. EXERCISE PROGRAMME (AT HOME)

The results are promising and could lead to the addition of other sports-based interventions such as bouldering to conventional treatments for depression in the future….

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Studies (small selection only):

Babyak, M., Blumenthal, J. A., Herman, S., Khatri, P., Doraiswamy, M., Moore, K., … & Krishnan, K. R. (2000). Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months. Psychosomatic medicine, 62(5), 633-638.

Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Doraiswamy, P. M., Watkins, L., Hoffman, B. M., Barbour, K. A., … & Sherwood, A. (2007). Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosomatic medicine, 69(7), 587.

Karg, N., Dorscht, L., Kornhuber, J., & Luttenberger, K. (2020). Bouldering psychotherapy is more effective in the treatment of depression than physical exercise alone: results of a multicentre randomised controlled intervention study. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 1-13.

Kuyken, W., Warren, F. C., Taylor, R. S., Whalley, B., Crane, C., Bondolfi, G., … & Dalgleish, T. (2016). Efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in prevention of depressive relapse: an individual patient data meta-analysis from randomized trials. JAMA psychiatry, 73(6), 565-574.

Luttenberger, K., Karg‐Hefner, N., Berking, M., Kind, L., Weiss, M., Kornhuber, J., & Dorscht, L. (2021). Bouldering psychotherapy is not inferior to cognitive behavioural therapy in the group treatment of depression: A randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Clinical Psychology.

Schwarz, L., Dorscht, L., Book, S., Stelzer, E. M., Kornhuber, J., & Luttenberger, K. (2019). Long-term effects of bouldering psychotherapy on depression: benefits can be maintained across a 12-month follow-up. Heliyon, 5(12), e02929.

Schwarzkopf, L., Dorscht, L., Kraus, L., & Luttenberger, K. (2021). Is bouldering-psychotherapy a cost-effective way to treat depression when compared to group cognitive behavioral therapy–results from a randomized controlled trial. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1-13.

Schuch, F. B., Vancampfort, D., Richards, J., Rosenbaum, S., Ward, P. B., & Stubbs, B. (2016). Exercise as a treatment for depression: a meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias. Journal of psychiatric research, 77, 42-51.

Stelzer, E. M., Book, S., Graessel, E., Hofner, B., Kornhuber, J., & Luttenberger, K. (2018). Bouldering psychotherapy reduces depressive symptoms even when general physical activity is controlled for: A randomized controlled trial. Heliyon, 4(3), e00580.